Recruitment Methods Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Methods Essay There are many types of recruitment methods that employer chose to target the type of applicants they desire for the open position. I will describe one internal and three external ways to recruit applicants for a high school librarian. I will also describe the advantages and disadvantages of each recruitment method. The first recruitment method for a high school librarian would be through advertisements. By placing advertisements in the local newspaper, on radio broadcasts, and web sites, the school board will be able to reach a larger audience of possible applicants more quickly, especially if the position needs to be filled at once. Another advantage for advertisements is that it highlights the major assets of the position. In addition, advertisements lets the potential applicants know that the high school is an equal opportunity employer. The disadvantage is that people who apply for the position apply with great hopes that the school board will not find a more qualified individual. Thus, the school board takes the chance of receiving more under qualified individual applications. Internet recruiting is another source the school board could use in order to find the most qualified and skillful applicants. It is a cheaper, faster, and potentially more effective way to recruit an applicant. Another advantage for internet recruitment is that web sites such as Monster. com, has a tracking system that can match the job requirements with the experiences and skills with the applicant. Disadvantages to internet recruiting include the loss of potential local â€Å"walk-ins†, less applications, and it puts a limit on recruitment resources and applicants for the school board. The final external way of recruitment the school board would use is the public employment agencies. Each state maintains an employment agency that administers its unemployment insurance program. This gives the school board an advantage because when a position needs to be filled immediately, the agency can refer an individual to them that have the specified skills and experiences for the job. The agency can also assist with any testing, job analysis, evaluation programs, and community wage surveys that would occur with a normal applicant. On the flip side, the applicant must be â€Å"suitable for employment†. Each individual is required to go through a job placement session in order to keep his or her unemployment wages. If an individual sees that they could make more through their unemployment wages, he or she may not interview as well for the position, leaving the school board with no position to fill. I am not quite sure about the advantages of hiring within for a high school librarian, because this position has skills and requirements that are not always the same for those such as a teacher, lunch person, or school bus driver. Yet the advantages for internal recruiting can let the employer capitalize on their investment they made during recruitment, selection process, training, and developing the current employees. The firm can reward their employees for past performances, and use him or her as an example to improve morale for others. Internal recruitment can protect its employees from layoffs and or broaden job experiences. A disadvantage of internal recruitment is that those from within may not always have the desired specialized training, required education, and specific skills needed to fill the position. If a firm relies too much on internal resources, it could lead to inbreeding of ideas and attitudes.

Nursing Care Plan Assessment Health And Social Care Essay

Nursing Care Plan Assessment Health And Social Care Essay Gastroesophageal reflux is also referred to as GERD. It is caused by your esophagus becoming agitated by acidic substances coming from the stomach. It is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (referred to as reflux) which can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus. This action can irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn as well as other symptoms. GERD is associated with failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to properly close. The outcome is reflux of acid into the unprotected lining of the esophagus which can be uncomfortable and painful to the patient. The pathophysiology of GERD indicates that the inner lining of the esophagus does not have the protection that is found in the stomach and therefore the acid could cause harm to the esophagus. The signs and symptoms a patient experiences are caused by the contact of unprotected lining of the tissue (esophageal) to acid. GERD is a chronic condition, once a patient has experienced the onset most likely they will deal with it the rest of their life. One major symptom experienced is acid reflux and heartburn,indigestion lasting up to two hours however; these two symptoms alone are not sole indicators of the diagnosis. GERD may also manifest as chest pain, tightness of the throat, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, dysphagia, dry cough and a persistent cough. Other symptoms include feeling that food may be trapped behind breastbone, hiccups, regurgitation of food, and nausea after eating, and hoarseness in the voice. 3. Clinical manifestation from text: Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when food is passed from the pharynx into the esophagus (located behind the posterior trachea) by a peristalsis which is a propelling motion. The food is then carried from the esophagus to the stomach where acid production is created. What occurs next is that the esophagus produces bicarbonate and mucus that will from a protective barrier. This process creates a higher pH that the stomach. If the sphincter muscle does not close well, liquid, food and stomach acid can leak backward into the esophagus. The esophagus is divided into an upper and lower sphincter. The upper prevents air from entering during respirations and will open when food needs to pass. The lower sphincter opens while food is being passed to the stomach (i.e. LES). When the esophagus is in a healthy state, there are three mechanisms that keep acid out while swallowing. They include the following: Swallowed saliva which helps neutralize stomach acid. Next, sweeping muscles contractions w here the motion cleanses the lower esophagus stomach acid. Some main contributing factors that interfere with the LES working properly is obesity, pregnancy and asthma. Excess weight actually puts extra pressure on the diaphragm and stomach. In pregnancy the pressure on the stomach has a higher level of progesterone hormone which in turn relaxes the LES muscle as well as other muscle groups. It is unclear as to why asthma is a contributing factor to interference of the LES mechanisms but it is believed that coughing may lead to the pressure changes on the diaphragm. Some identified risk factors for reflux include hiatus hernia. This is a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm (muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities). Medications may cause or worsen GERD symptoms. They include the following medications: Anticholinergics, Beta-blockers (high blood pressure meds), Bronchodilators (asthma), Calcium channel blockers (BP medication), Dopamine-active d rug for Parkinsons disease, Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding, Sedatives used for insomnia or anxiety and finally Tricyclic antidepressants. . 4. Diagnostic Evaluation from text: 1. Review of History Obtain a detailed inquiry about the patients normal pattern of diet, and any other symptoms the patient may be experiencing. This is also a good time to question if they are taking any OTC medications. It is important to assess the duration of the problem. Next ask how long the patient has been experiencing reflux which will provide useful causative information. Determine what foods the patient is consuming, if they exercise, how much fluid intake daily, and most importantly if they are smoking -which inhibits saliva and may also increase acid production and weaken the LES. Certain exercise and bending may increase the abdominal pressure. Also wearing tight clothing (increase abdominal pressure) or lying flat after a meal may relax the muscles causing reflux. Ask about the patients diet and educate them on foods to avoid. For example, foods high in fat and greasy take longer to digest. Chocolate, peppermint, spearmint, weaken the LES. In addition, Carbonated and alcoholic beverages i ncrease the acidity in the stomach. Warn patient to consume smaller meal because large meals produce large acid levels. Other foods to avoid are citrus, onions and tomatoes. In general, all foods which contain a high acidic level may be irritating to the esophagus. Document any abnormal findings in patient record or MAR. Question the patients family history of disease and initial onset or exacerbation of episode. Finally, the evaluation should include the patients description of sensation of the symptoms. 2. Laboratory /Diagnostic Tests The most commonly used diagnostic tests include the following lab tests:-esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal manometry, the acid perfusion (Bernstein) test and the gastric analysis. A barium swallow and a Radionuclide scintigraphy may also be ordered by the MD. Specialty Lab tests CDSA 2.0 with parasitology, Detoxification Profile, Standard and Menopause Profile. Diagnostic tests use to diagnose GERD include: Barium swallow, Endoscopy, Esophageal motility studies, ambulatory pH monitoring and Esophageal manometry. 5. Therapeutic Management from text: Although GERD can be treated in several different ways most physicians will recommend antacids and changing the diet to a healthier one. Other methods of treatment include alternative medicines such as acupuncture and herbal tonics which promote proper function to the lower esophageal sphincter and acid production of the stomach. If recommended by a physician, surgery is an option for those with serious complication. The most common surgery is the Nissen Fundoplication. This surgery involves wrapping the fundus of the stomach around the lower esophagus and sutures the fundus to itself. Available therapies include a combination of the following types of medication: Benzodiazepines, Theophylline, and Narcotics containing codeine, Calcium channel blockers, Nitroglycerine, Anticholinergics, Potassium supplements, Iron supplements, NSAIDS, Fosamax, and Erythromycin. Patient Education: We want to educate the patient on how to prevent future flair ups. Because foods play an important role w e will educate the patient to avoid: chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, citrus fruits and vegetables, spicy or fatty foods, full fat dairy products, peppermint and spearmint Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. PubMed. Retrieved February 2011, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001311/. Other preventative measures we can encourage pts to do is to avoid bending over after eating and avoid tight fitting waist bands on clothing. Also instruct pt not to lie down with a full stomach. It is extremely important to encourage them not to smoke and if they are smokers educate them on smoking cessation. If a patient is overweight, encourage an exercise regimen designed and individualized specifically for the pt. Weight loss and eating smaller meals in key to their diet change. Also have patient refrain from eating 3 hours after bedtime and stay upright position two hours after each meal. Inform the patient that the head of the bed must be raised approximately 6 inches. It is important to let pt know about OTC and presription options. Some medications available are Proton pump inhibitors which are the most potent acid inhibitors. Prilosec, Prevacid, Zantac, Tigamet and Protonix Common Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions: Altered Nutrition: less than body requirements R/T vomiting: Educate patient on importance of eating healthy and increasing caloric intake as necessary. Nausea R/T gastric irritation food AEB vomiting after meals: Dietary changes to decrease frequency of nausea Risk for Aspiration: Assist in correcting factors that can lead to aspiration Deficit Fluid Volume: Encourage daily fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 ml/day, if not contraindicated medically. Assess V/S respirations, (temp pulse may be elevated). Note change in functional behavior (i.e. confusion, falling, lethargy, dizziness). PRIORTIZED FHP ASSESSMENT: Activity/Exercise Subjective: My energy level is very low recently and I dont exercise very often. Patient reports that she only exercise she gets lately is, while I am working on my hobbies, not much walking mostly standing, Patient denies any chest pain but does experience a shortness of breath upon exertion. Patient admits that she lives a very sedentary lifestyle. Patient states she is totally independent with activities of daily living ADLs and has no difficulty performing usual ADLs. Patient states her leisure activities include: taking photos and enjoying my art work of painting. Patient does not use any assisted devices for walking and does not exercise daily. Objective: 1.Patient has no VTE risk factors and can ambulate fully and independently with daily ADLs. No fall risk identified and pt reports she does not do any physical activity such as exercising while at home. Diet: Patient is on NPO for stress test ordered today. Abdomen is soft, non distended, and non tender, bowel sounds are present in all four quadrants. Patient activity order is full ambulation, full weight bearing and activity. Impairments include decreased mobility and experiences SOB on excretion. Energy level is described good but easily fatigued with high level of exertion 2. Hygiene: fully independent-sponge washed independently. Respiratory data indicates no SOB while speaking, patient able to carry long conversations without difficulty. MD ordered continuous O2 via nasal cannula; no fall precautions were ordered. Upon auscultation of lung sounds anterior and posterior were auscultated, on auscultation lung sounds clear bilaterally. Chest is non tender to the touch. R espiratory: No cough, no dyspnea noted (O2 2liters). Alert and oriented. Assessment Cardio Vascular: Regular rate rhythm, no chest pain, no palpations, pt denies SOB at resting; Chest: Lungs Clear bilaterally; Cardiac auscultation indicates regular rhythm, no murmurs, P 68. BP 154/84. RR 18, O2 SAT 94% on O2 2 liter via nasal cannula, T 97.1 (orally). Radial pulse is palpable on both sides, strong and equal bilaterally. Abdomen: bowel sounds present, soft, non distended, non tender upon palpation. Pt denies any pain in abdomen. ROM (active/passive) assessment revealed no signs of pain (0/0 pain scale) on when force applied during passive range of motion. Muscle strength RUE 5/5 and LUE 5/5 RLE 5/5 and LLE 5/5. Although no weakness noted in upper and lower extremities, patient states that stressing her muscles for a long period of time increases her fatigue. CSM: Color pink and even, full sensation and patient able to wiggle toes without difficulty. TEMP: warm to the touch. A Capillary refill test done on UE indicates normal blood return (less than 3 second return). Medications ordered: Acetaminophen 650 mg PO every 4 hours, Aspirin enteric coated 81 mg PO daily, Atorvastatin PO 10 QHS, Maalox-Alumina, Magnesia, S PRN PO every 6 hours, Pantoprazole 40mg PO twice daily, Metoprolol Tartate PO 25 mg twice daily, Ibuprofen PO 400mg ever 6 hours and Bactrim DS PO 1 tab twice daily. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired physical mobility related to SOB with intense activity and inability to move purposefully within the environment. Outcome: Pt will verbalize understanding of importance of exercise activity to increase abdominal muscle strength to strengthen muscle groups and increase breathing ability. Cognition/Perceptual Subjective: Patient states, I was awoken by chest pain that went to the back of my jawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I had very spicy food for dinner and thought it was heartburn or my GERD acting up Patient recalls why she was admitted to hospital, I got up and thought it would be best for my husband to bring me to the ER. At first I thought it was the usual reflux pain but it ended up getting a lot worse. Objective: Patient alert and oriented x3, speech is clear with no slur or stutter. Pt has no difficulty expressing ideas and feelings clearly and concisely. Patient is well oriented to place and time is and shows no signs of confusion or disorientation. Pt appears comfortable and verbalizes she does not currently have any level of pain. Patient PMH: Esophageal ulcers, High Cholesterol, high blood pressure, Fibromyalgia, Ulcers in esophagus,? MRSA in left leg when pt had cellulites in the past. Nursing Diagnosis: Sedentary lifestyle related to shortness of breath during activities AEB pt weight gain. Outcome: Patient will have full understanding of importance of increase activity and importance of low fat diet. Nutrition Metabolic Subjective: Patient Diet: on NPO due to scheduled Stress Test. Patient states that prior to patient being hospitalized she was totally dependent with feeding herself and states, I usually only eat lunch and dinner and usually skip breakfast. I love food so I pretty much eat anything. Patient reports burning in esophagus and can feel acid coming up in the past and take OTC drugs to control if necessary. Objective: Pt on NPO diet, no deficits noted, patient over weight (wt 211.6 lbs). Patient complains of not eating the right foods daily. Encouraged patient to increase fluids to 2,000 mLs everyday and choose beverages low in calorie (i.e. diet soda and water). Assessment of integumentary skin: no rashes, no lesions or broken skin or erythemia noted one bruise on left lower extremity. No fever, no chills, no sore throat. Gastro: the pt has history of GERD and esophageal ulcers. Genitourinary: no hematuria, no dysuria, no frequency, no urgency. Encourage a well balanced diet, and adequate fluid intake to promote peristalsis. Edema test done to ankles (no trace or pitting edema noted =normal). Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to inefficient H2O intake as evidenced by complaints of dry mouth and pt verbal cues. Outcome: Patient will increase fluid intake to 2,000 mLs to increase hydration prior to discharge. Coping and Stress Subjective: I want to get better and know that I need to work on my diet and make changes in my lifestyle. Patient states that she only slept a total of 5 hours. Objective: Pt denies and feeling of depression and is happy in home life with husband. Patients EMR indicated that her behavior was cooperative. Patient verbally expressed appreciation and gratitude when educating her on some relaxation techniques (i.e. deep meditative breathing). Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced Outcome: Pt to demonstrate relaxation techniques prior to discharge. Health Perception/ Health Management Subjective: I try to take care of all my health needs but I dont always feel good about my food choices. I know that if I dont start watching my weight, I am going to get diabetes. Patient indicated that he regularly follows up with his PCP and dentist and all medical appointments as necessary. Objective: Pt is alert and oriented, has overall good hygiene and likes to be well groomed. She shows ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) independently and was very cooperative, allowing me to take V/S and examine her feet which soft, pink and adequately maintained. Patient demonstrates full independence with hygiene activities such as bathing; dressing and toileting require no assistance. General foot appearance of patient is good, with her nails trimmed, hair is maintained. Patient wanted to wash her hair which indicates a healthy perception of hygiene and was appreciative when given a shampoo cap to use. Admission Labs: HGB:13.2 g/dL, HCT: 41.1%, WBC: 13.7 (elevated), RBC: 4.87, MCH: 27.0, MCV 84.4, MXHX 32.0, RDW 14.0, Plt count 211, MPV 7.5l , Neutrophils 70, Lymphocytes 26, Atypical Lymphs 14, Monocytes 1L, Eosinophils 3, Absolute neutrophil 4.5, Lymphocytes 8.3 (high), Monocytes 0.4, Eosinophils 0.2, Basophils 0.2, Platelet estimate adequate. Admission V/S BP 143/74, (T)97.8 orally, (P)69, R:19, SaO2 (96% on RA). Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced therapeutic regimen Outcome: Patient will maintain responsibility for planning and achieving self care goals Self Perception/Self Concept Subjective: I am aware when I need medical attention and will get medical treatment and see my doctor when necessary. Patient expressed that she always follows up with her healthcare needs and does not ignore signs and symptoms of being ill. Objective: Pt exhibits positive self esteem and currently has no worries in life except the possibility of developing diabetes because of her weight gain. When I questioned her about her knowledge of the disease she stated that she knew it was a disease that occurred when people were overweight and ate junk food. She indicates a strong determination when discussing the willingness to change her eating habits and developing a healthier lifestyle (i.e. walking more and being more active). She shows some indications of embarrassment for letting herself gain weight over the years. Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for enhanced self care. Outcome: Patient will maintain responsibility for planning and achieving self care goals Elimination Subjective: I had a bowel movement this morning. Objective: Bowel habits: soft, formed. Medium, brown BM x1 every day. Bladder habits: voids x3 -5 times a day. Patient denies any burning, pain, urgency, or dribbling during urination. Patient also states that she does not usually have issues with having bowel movement. Prior to hospital admission patient denies taking any laxatives. Patient is able to independently toilet self. No abdominal distention noted upon palpation. Bowel Sound: present in all 4 quadrants. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for constipation Outcome: Patient will have a regular BM once daily Roles/Relationships Subjective: I have a wonderful husband and one son. Patients participation in group social activities has been relatively healthy most of her life. I love my artwork and previously had a shop which has been closed for several years nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I thought was time to retire. Objective: Patient lives with husband and son frequently visits and she speaks very highly of them both. Patient appears to be overall in good spirits and satisfied with home life. Patient did not have any visitors but received phone calls from family members. Pt also made phone call on two occasions to check up on husband during my interview. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of caregiver role strain. Outcome: Pt will be able to provide clues to potential stressors and possible supportive interventions before discharge. Sleep Rest Subjective: Pt complains of sleep deprivation last night, I just couldnt fall asleep, probably because Im not in my own bed. I think I only slept a total of 4 hours. Objective: Patient complains that she sometimes does not sleep at night and her MAR indicates poor sleep habits. Pt could benefit with sleep aid to help her sleep through the night. Pt complains of pain and discomfort while trying to sleep (Fibromyalgiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦skin sometimes hurts). Patient describes sleep pattern at home usually only needing six hours of sleep daily. Patient denies taking any sleep aide medications while at home. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of sleep deprivation related to bilateral lower extremity pain. Outcome: Patient to practice healthy sleep patterns while in hospital within 1 day. Value Belief Subjective: I go to church, but not as often as I use to especially in the cold Objective: Pt declined discussing spirituality and value system. Sexuality Subjective: I dont see how these questions relate to my health. Objective: Pt declined to discuss this topic with me during the interview. Nursing Care Plan Nursing Diagnosis: Sedentary lifestyle R/T lack of training for accomplishment of physical exercise AEB by patient verbal cues and demonstrating physical deconditioning. Goal: Patient will verbally understand the importance of regular exercise to general well being by discharge. INTERVENTIONS SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE 1. Abdomen inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation and measurement of abdominal girth. 1. Will provide objective data on the patients bowel elimination status. (Craven 1126) 2. Encourage daily exercise regimen 2. Will provide education on importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 3. Encourage daily fluid intake of 2000 to 3000 ml/day, if not contraindicated medically. 3.Will assist in peristalsis and segmentation of stool Patients, (Craven 1122) 4. Encourage increased activity and patient to exercise or increase daily activity. 4. Ambulation and/or abdominal exercises strengthen abdominal muscles help facilitate defecation and will help increase peristalsis. (http://www.mayoclinic.com/health) 5. Position bed in lowest position, with side rails up 5. Low position of bed minimizes distance to the floor so if client falls, side rails maintain patient safety (Craven, 675) 6. Place client call light within reach and explain the call system as assess the ability to use it. 6. A call light allows the patient to call for help if needed (Craven, 675). 7. Promote normal bowel health Assess usual pattern of elimination; compare with present pattern. Include size, frequency, color, and quality. 7. Normal frequency of passing stool varies from twice daily to once every third or fourth day. It is important to ascertain what is normal for each individual. (Craven, p. 1117) 8. Encourage a regular time for elimination. Many persons defecate following first daily meal or coffee, as a result of the gastrocolic reflex; depending on the persons usual schedule, any regular time is fine. 8. Many persons defecate following first daily meal or coffee, as a result of the gastrocolic reflex; depending on the persons usual schedule, any time, as long as it is regular, is fine. (Craven, 1117) 9. Assess orthostatic hypotension before taking the client OOB to chair, if any signs of dizziness or lightheadedness. 9. Rationale: allows nurse to be aware of orthostatic hypotension upon standing which may result in a fall. (Craven, 457) 10. Place patient call light with reach, and explain the system and assess the ability to use it 10. Promotes safety and decreases stress for patient allows pt to call for help If needs assistance to toilet after given stool softener or enema. (Craven 675)

Waves On Pregnant Women Health And Social Care Essay

Waves On Pregnant Women Health And Social Care Essay Waves have been applied to many important procedures nowadays. In this article I am going to investigate the application of waves on pregnant women. One of the very important topics is the application of ultrasonography in prenatal checkup; therefore I would focus on this topic and discuss its principle and advantages among other different methods of prenatal checkup. Nonetheless waves do not only bring benefits to pregnant women, but also harm. There are some electromagnetic waves (or EM waves) which may be harmful to both the mothers and the fetuses, such as X-ray. Yet, will pregnant women really have an increased risk of miscarriage after having an X-ray? Recently there are also concerns about the effect of radio waves and microwaves on pregnancy. In this article I am going to investigate them one by one. Obstetric Ultrasonography Ultrasonography refers to the use of ultrasound. Ultrasound is longitudinal wave, it has the same speed as audible sound wave in air, which is 340ms-1. The main difference between audible sound wave and ultrasound is that ultrasound has a frequency beyond audible range of human, which is around 20 Hertz (20 Hz) to 20 kilohertz (20 kHz or 20,000 Hz). Normally the frequency of ultrasound used in prenatal checkup is ranged from 1.6 to 10 megahertz (MHz), depending on what structures of the fetuses are being examined. Ultrasound with lower frequency can penetrate deeper into body tissues, because the higher the frequency, the more ultrasonic waves are being absorbed instead of reflected, thus while examining deeper tissues like the liver and kidney, ultrasound with lower frequency (around 1.6-6MHz) is used. In the ultrasonography, ultrasound waves are emitted by a device called transducer. Actually the term transducer refers to a device which converts one form of energy into another, so there are lots of types of transducer. In the ultrasonography, an electroacoustic transducer is used to convert electricity to emit and receive ultrasound; therefore to be more exact, the device used is also called an ultrasound transceiver. The transducer is placed on the abdomen of the pregnant woman, the ultrasound emitted penetrates the skin and then reaches the foetus and other internal organs of the mother. The waves are then reflected back to the transceiver, the transceiver senses the waves and converts them into images. An ultrasound transceiver: http://l.b5z.net/i/u/6062479/i/transducer_tn.jpg source: http://www.chesapeakeultrasound.com/ultrasound_products An ultrasonography: http://gulfcoastmri.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/sonogram-human-foetal-fetal-ultrasound-scan-at-22-weeks-mono-1-anon.jpg Source: http://gulfcoastmri.wordpress.com/2010/06/07/obstetric-ultrasonography/ In case that the pregnant woman is in early pregnancy or obese, she can undergo transvaginal sonography, which a probe is placed in the womans vagina. Sometimes the test is also carried out if the pregnant woman has got abnormal vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain. This type of sonography has the similar principle as the ultrasonography mentioned above. Some mothers may want to see the heartbeat of their babies, they can carry out the Doppler sonography. It has basically the same principle as the ultrasonography except the ultrasound is further enhanced by Doppler Effect. Generally the fetuss heartbeat can be detected after 7 weeks of gestation, thus the blood flow of the fetus can be detected as well. The blood flows in a circulation in the body of the fetus, the Doppler sonography can thus detect the change in directions of blood flow by Doppler effect and see if the circulation is normal or not. This can be done by measuring the change in the frequency received in the transceiver. In fact there are a few more types of prenatal checkup, such as amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling. Nonetheless, the ultrasonography is the safest way for diagnosis. The ultrasonography only involves a transducer placing outside the mothers abdomen, while amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling require mechanical penetration and sampling inside the mothers uterus or abdomen, this increases the risk of miscarriage during the tests. Despite this fact, ultrasonography can only give an early diagnosis of the mothers and fetuses, it cannot treat anomalies or genetic diseases. According to the test conducted by RADIUS study group in 1993, researchers found that obtaining sonography has no significantly negative effect on reducing perinatal morbidity or mortality among the fetuses or the mothers. Moreover, the detection of anomalies actually did not alter the outcome of newborn babies. Therefore it is important to acknowledge that ultrasonography is just a test whether the fetuses are healthy, but not a treatment to anomalies. Harmful effect of X-ray X-ray is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength ranged from 0.01 to 10 nanometers (0.01-10 x10-9m). It has a speed of 3108 ms-1 in vacuum. In fact, X-ray is commonly used in medical treatments, such as radiation therapy of cancer and medical imaging technology. X-ray is produced in an X-ray tube. In the X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated by applying a high voltage. Electrons then collide with a metal, and the sudden deceleration of electrons results in the emission of X-ray. An X-ray tube: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/imgqua/xtube.gif Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/xtube.html X-ray has high ionizing power, thus there are many people worrying about the harmful effects of having an X-ray diagnosis, especially pregnant women. It is true that a very high dose of radiation from X-ray may result in radiation sickness. Prolonged and continuous exposure to X-ray also increases the risk of cancer development, and in pregnant women, there may also be a risk for the fetus to develop childhood cancer or even miscarriage. Nevertheless, it seems that the harmful effects of exposing to X-ray are exaggerated. The serious harmful effects mentioned above are just the results of high dosage in a short period of time. There are different kinds of X-rays, one type is used in scanning or diagnosis, one type is used in treating cancer. The energy stored in different types of X-rays is different. For normal X-ray scanning, the dosage is extremely small. The absorbed dose of X-ray is measured in rad, which 1 rad = 1010-3 J kg-1 = 10-2 J kg-1. If a pregnant woman is having a chest X-ray, the estimated fetal dose is around 60 millirads, the dose is around 290 millirads for an abdominal X-ray. This is quite a low value, as the dose from the radiation from outer space is around 90-100 millirads. In fact, the risk of the fetus having eye abnormalities or mental retardation increases only when the dosage exceeds 10 rads, therefore it is very rare that pregnant women suffer from harmful effects by the X-ray radiation. According to the  American Academy of Family Physicians, generally X-rays are safe even for pregnant women, and according to radiologists, no single diagnostic x-ray has a radiation dose signi ficant enough to cause adverse effects in a developing embryo or fetus. Normally doctors will not ask pregnant women to undergo an X-ray scanning, unless when it is urgent and necessary. It is also suggested that pregnant women should tell the radiologists about the pregnancy, so that radiologists can adjust the radiation level to better protect the mothers and the fetuses. To conclude, many people are afraid of having X-ray scanning when they are pregnant, but in fact the risk is not that high if we compare the dosage to the exposure to outer space radiation. An X-ray film showing pregnancy: http://www.neurobodyfit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/xray-pregnancy.jpg Source: http://www.neurobodyfit.com/x-rays-are-safe-during-pregnancy/ Concerns of radio waves and microwaves Besides X-ray, some people are concerning about the effect of radio waves and microwaves on pregnancy. In fact the effect of these two types of EM waves is even less than X-ray. There has been a study investigating the relationship between exposure of radio waves and microwaves of female physiotherapists, and the ratio of miscarriage. Due to occupational use, physiotherapists are very often exposed to medical equipment emitting microwaves diathermy and radio waves. According to the study, investigators compared the odd ratios between those pregnant physiotherapists and other pregnant women. The results showed that the risk of miscarriage was not associated with reported use of diathermy equipment, thus people need not worry too much about this issue. A microwave diathermy: http://image.ec21.com/image/medicm/oimg_GC04993002_CA04993086/Microwave_Diathermy_HM-801C.jpg Source: http://medicm.en.ec21.com/Microwave_Diathermy_HM_801C4993002_4993086.html Conclusion Waves have been widely used in medical equipment, and there are several applications of waves on pregnancy. Ultrasonography is the most common and the safest method of prenatal checkup. Though it can be used in diagnosis, it is unable to treat diseases in fetus. Many people concern about the side effects of using X-ray, microwaves and radio waves, however it is in fact very safe because the dosage of radiation is extremely small. Therefore people need not worry too much about the risk of miscarriage caused by exposure to these waves.

How to Become a Citizen of the United States Essay -- The Immigration

How to Become a Citizen of the United States Becoming a citizen of the United States is a very lengthy process. Not just anyone can become a citizen of the United States. There are many requirements and responsibilities to becoming a citizen, whether it is of the United States or any other country. Being a citizen of the United States is a very special privilege. The people who do become a citizen should be very lucky and proud to be the citizen of the United States. Even though they do become citizens of the United States they shouldn't forget about their own country either, but share the joyfulness. The process to becoming a citizen is not hard, but you have to have been a good residence of the United States. That means you had to obey all laws and be a person of good moral character. To become a citizen an applicant must be 18 years of age or older. They should have also been lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence. Individuals who have been lawfully admitted as permanent residents will be asked to produce an I-551, Alien Registration Receipt Card, as proof of their residency. The applicant also has to have been residing in the U.S. for five years prior to filing with absences from the United States totaling no more than one year. Also the applicant should have also been physically present in the United States for at least two and a half years out of the previous five years, and has resided within a state or district for at least three months. The most important thing in the naturalization, or citizenship, process is the moral character of the applicant . This is important because the U.S., or any other country from what I know, would want a person who has been a criminal or has done illegal activities within that country. An applicant is permanently barred from naturalization of they have been convicted of murder or an aggravated felony. Also an applicant is not considered to be a person of good moral character if they have done any of the following within the five years: 1) has committed and been convicted of one or more crimes involving moral turpitude. 2) Has committed and been convicted of 2 or more offenses for which the total sentence imposed was 5 years or more. 3) Has committed and been convicted of any controlled substance law, except for a single offense of simple possession of 30 grams or less of marij... ... for citizenship, or because they have not met the citizenship requirements. One of the most important requirements is residence in the United States. Immigrants may become naturalized citizens after a minimum of 5 years residence, or in some cases after 3 years residence, by taking an oath of allegiance in a court or in a administrative hearing, or by deriving their citizenship through the naturalization of their parents. In addition to the 5.8 million immigrants eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship, approximately 687,000 children may be eligible to derive their citizenship through their parents' naturalization. This is the process by which one goes to becoming a citizen of the United States of America. As you can see there are many things that you have to have to be eligible. Some of those things are for example, a specific age, a permanent residence of the United States for 5 years, proof of permanent residency, good moral character, etc. By taking the Oath of Allegiance you are accepting all of the responsibilities that are stated in the oath. When you do that you are a citizen of the United States of America, which I think is the best citizenship a person can have.

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment :: Essays Papers

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment Problem Statements Eight-Queens Puzzle Is it possible to place eight Queens on a chessboard, so that none of the Queens occupy the same row, column, or diagonal? Binary Search Depth-First & Breadth-First Search Newton’s Method Take a number whose square root is to be calculated, any positive number. Take a guess at the number’s square root. Calculate the square root by improving on the current guess as indicated: Next guess = (number/ current guess + current guess)/ 2 Repeat this process until the difference between the next guess and the current is within the accepted level of accuracy. The better your guess, the fewer the number of iterations needed to get the square root. A good first guess is typically half the number whose square root is to be calculated. The process is ten repeated until the desired accuracy is achieved. Newton-Raphson Method Determine a root of the equation f(x) = x^3-x^2-9x+9 = 0 using the Newton-Raphson method if the initial guess is x1 = 1.5. Gauss-Siedel Method Solve the following set of linear simultaneous equations using the Gauss-Seidel method: 10x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 11 X1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 20 3x1 + 2x2 + 6x3 = -12 Theoretical Solutions Eight-Queens Puzzle 1. Pick a position for the Queen 2. If legal, go to next row. 3. If illegal, pick the next position. 4. If no legal position is found, back up to one row. If legal positions are found for all eight rows, the problem is solved. Binary Search †¢ Search the current node value to see if it equals the search value. †¢ If the search value is smaller than the current value, make the current node the left child node. †¢ Make the current node the right child node. Depth-First & Breadth-First Search Depth-First Search: †¢ Searches as far down the left side of the binary tree. †¢ When it encounters, NULL, the search switches to the bottom-most right child and resumes. Breadth-First Search: †¢ Remove a node from the queue. This becomes the current node. †¢ Place all child nodes of the current node onto the queue. Newton’s Method †¢ Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. †¢ Get the desired precision. †¢ While more numbers remain, calculate firs guess, x0. †¢ Repeat Xn = 0.5 * (X (n-1) + Number/ X (n-1)) Until abs (Xn - X (n – 1)) *= Desired precision Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. Get the desired precision. End while Newton-Raphson Method 1. Set number of iterations num_iter to zero.

Great Expectationsâ€Parents Molding Children After Their Own Expectations Essay

Dickens’ Great Expectations portrays the lives of different people throughout various levels of society and how they all react to their own condition. The past is always haunting the characters’ lives and, in most cases, it even determines the course of their future existence. It is inevitable to see in the story how some characters, playing the role of parents, define the lives of others, especially children, causing indelible consequences. Thus parents must not mold children after their own purposes and expect them to be someone different from whom they truly desire to be. This is one of the major mistakes we see in the novel made by characters such as Miss Havisham and Magwitch, who pretend to outline the lives of others. Pip’s life has always been influenced and affected by various people. Some want the best for him and others the worst. His parents died since he was very young and this forced him to live with his aunt and uncle. The fact that he lived most of his life without his biological parents is important because it allowed other people to raise him up. Eventually, his life was completely transformed when someone decided to expect great things from him. First of all, we meet Mrs. Joe, an oppressive, unaffectionate, self-righteous woman who is always congratulating herself for having taken care of Pip and for being the only responsible one who â€Å"brought him up by hand† (Dickens 27). We could assume that this term refers to the difficulties she encounters as she fulfills the role of being a mother to Pip. It was not an easy job, especially because Mrs. Joe didn’t have any other children and so didn’t know what motherhood really was. It is very probable that Mrs. Joe was also beaten up as a child and brought up by hand. As a result she is doing the same thing with Pip instead of learning from the past and improving the next generation. Thus since the beginning of the novel Dickens shows us how some adults are molding children after their own purposes and bringing then up as they were once brought up. As Pip grew up the opportunity of going to Satis House opens a new chapter in his life. Mr. Pumblechook and Mrs. Joe decided for him due to the fact that they never asked him if he wanted to go. Once more we may see hoy the life of this child was determined and shaped by those around him. When he goes to Satis House, both the narrator and the reader, meet one of the most important characters of the story, Miss Havisham. She is a mad, vengeful, and wealthy dowager. We would expect from her a lavish lifestyle, but the truth is she lives in an ancient rotting mansion and wears an old wedding dress all the time. The reason for this is that her life is completely altered when she was rejected and abandoned by Compeyson on what should’ve been their wedding day. From that time on, Miss Havisham determines herself to remain in that depressive and melancholic state, and never go beyond her heartbreak. It is this unfortunate event in Miss Havisham’s life that ignites her evil desire of obtaining revenge from men. Thus when she adopts Estella the opportunity to fulfill her execrable purposes opens up. As a result, with obsessive cruelty, she takes care of Estella and raises her as a weapon to achieve her own personal revenge on men. She doesn’t care if Estella’s life is ruined or if she ends up breaking noble hearts, such as Pip’s. All she wants is to get even with men because of that one man who broke her heart. Yet is it moral for a parent to destroy his child’s life in this way? Is it correct for parents to decide what type of life their children should experience for the rest of their existence? Should parents desire to live out their own purposes in their children’s lives? We may see that Miss Havisham answered positively to all of these questions and ended up destroying her future and Estella’s. Likewise, Pip’s future is not determined by himself, but by someone else. When Mr. Jaggers arrives with the news that Pip has a benefactor who wants to make him a gentleman, all expectations change and Pip departs to build up his new life. However, he made several mistakes and misspent most of his money. As a result he entered into debt and began to live an unsustainable lifestyle. We can see that this is the effect of never being taught how to administer money and spent it correctly. Later on when Pip meets the convict, Magwitch, after a long period of time since the marshes, he realizes who his benefactor truly was. All those years Pip had thought that Miss Havisham was his benefactor in order for him to marry Estella. However, Pip discovers the truth through Magwitch and feels embarrassed of it. We can thus comprehend that Pip’s future is not a consequence of his own actions, but it is the result of someone else’s desire to make him a gentleman. What is fascinating is that the night Pip meets the convict again, he realizes who truly had great expectations for him. Magwitch declares, â€Å"Yes, Pip, dear boy, I’ve made a gentleman on you! It’s me wot has done it†¦I own a gentleman†¦I’m your second father. You’re my son – more to me nor any son† (Dickens 293).

Psychology Analysis Essay

1. What specifically is studied in the following areas of psychology: developmental psychology, personality, neuroscience, abnormal psychology (deviance), clinical psychology, social psychology, organizational psychology and cognitive psychology? 2. Describe the different fields of sociology in terms of their focus and purpose: demography, criminology, gender studies. 3. What are the four distinguishable fields of anthropological research? Describe each field of research and what cultural phenomena each seeks to research? 4. Applying your understanding of the different fields of Social Science research, how would each of the three different areas of the Social Sciences research the following topics: violence in the stands at a soccer match; the desire to seek close loving relationships; and the function of Canadian correctional facilities. Select one of the examples and write what is central to each Social Science approach and the questions a sociologist, psychologist and an anthropologist may pose to better understand this topic. 1. Developmental Psychology: Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life. Personality: Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals Neuroscience Psychology: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Abnormal Psychology(deviance): Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. Clinical Psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability Social Psychology: the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual. Organizational Psychology: is the scientific study of human behavior in the workplace and applies psychological theories and principles to organizations. Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology is a sub discipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. 2. Demography: It is the statistical study of the human population. Criminology: The study of crime and criminals. Gender Studies: This is the study of women studies, men studies, and the lgbt  studies. 3. The 4 distinguishable fields of anthropological research are biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology. Biological Anthropology:(other known as physical anthropology) is a scientific discipline in which research is concerned with the biological and behavioral variation of human beings, other non-human primates, and extinct hominin ancestors of the human species. Cultural Anthropology: focused on the study of cultural variation among humans and is in contrast to social anthropology which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the anthropological constant. Linguistic Anthropology: is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life. Archaeology: The systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery.