Spitting :: essays research papers

This review pertains to the planned change of a 1909 law in Palmyra, natural York, which bills itself, one of the friendliest floater on Earth that forbids public spitting. The change in city code would increase the possible fine for those convicted of this offense from $2 to $50 currently, to $250 and adding jail period of up to 15 days to the sentence.Arguments in favor of the changes to the ordinance1.The city of Palmyra has a right to protect its citizens from what it believes to be foul to society as a whole and to promote the betterment of the community. Mayor Vicky Daly believes that in changing this ordinance, were trying to hasten Palmyra be a pleasant place, and we forefathert want people to spit. 2.The reason behind the increase of the sentence for those convicted of this crime was a recent review of many ordinances on the books. The city council in increasing the to the fine and adding jail time was merely an attempt to bring a law written in 1909 up to the standar ds of 2003. In June they reviewed hundreds of codes, and decided on the increase to this ordinance quickly, moving on to new(prenominal) issues. The intent is to make this law up-to-speed with current times.3.While probably intended to celebrate tuberculosis in unsanitary Victorian times, this law could help to stop the spread of contagious diseases. While tuberculosis is no longer a threat, the fortuity of SARS is step up there. Palmyra is only trying to prevent was it sees as a potential health issue.Arguments against the new change to the ordinance1.While other cities across the uncouth ar trying to enact laws that restrict smoking, noise and cellular phone use, Palmyra is changing one that prevents spitting. While legal reforms are working to evolve extinct laws of the books, here an outdated one is being given new life. Citizens think this law is making a mockery of their town. If princely reforms are to succeed, laws equivalent this must not remain on the books.2.In t he past 6 years, a police officer Robert Grier has not once aerated anyone with the breaking the enclose ordinance. He says, Its going to be an impossible law to enforce. Im sure there are many unenforceable laws. Why have a law on the books that cannot be enforced?3.Until there is proof that spitting is the cause of SARS, there is no real jeopardy in cut back public spitting.Spitting essays research papers This review pertains to the planned change of a 1909 law in Palmyra, New York, which bills itself, one of the friendliest spots on Earth that forbids public spitting. The change in city code would increase the possible fine for those convicted of this offense from $2 to $50 currently, to $250 and adding jail time of up to 15 days to the sentence.Arguments in favor of the changes to the ordinance1.The city of Palmyra has a right to protect its citizens from what it believes to be harmful to society as a whole and to promote the betterment of the community. Mayor Vicky Daly b elieves that in changing this ordinance, were trying to have Palmyra be a pleasant place, and we dont want people to spit. 2.The reason behind the increase of the sentence for those convicted of this crime was a recent review of many ordinances on the books. The city council in increasing the to the fine and adding jail time was merely an attempt to bring a law written in 1909 up to the standards of 2003. In June they reviewed hundreds of codes, and decided on the increase to this ordinance quickly, moving on to other issues. The intent is to make this law up-to-speed with current times.3.While probably intended to prevent tuberculosis in unsanitary Victorian times, this law could help to stop the spread of contagious diseases. While tuberculosis is no longer a threat, the possibility of SARS is out there. Palmyra is only trying to prevent was it sees as a potential health issue.Arguments against the new change to the ordinance1.While other cities across the country are trying to en act laws that restrict smoking, noise and cellular phone use, Palmyra is changing one that prevents spitting. While legal reforms are working to get extinct laws of the books, here an outdated one is being given new life. Citizens think this law is making a mockery of their town. If regal reforms are to succeed, laws like this must not remain on the books.2.In the past 6 years, a police officer Robert Grier has not once charged anyone with the breaking the present ordinance. He says, Its going to be an impossible law to enforce. Im sure there are many unenforceable laws. Why have a law on the books that cannot be enforced?3.Until there is proof that spitting is the cause of SARS, there is no real danger in restricting public spitting.

Homeschooling: Academics, Socialization and College Admissions Prospect

Homeschooling Academics, Socialization and College Admissions ProspectsHomeschooling is probably one of the least known and least understood issues in education. Many people tend to think that most homeschoolers are religious conservatives or extremists. However, the truth is that people from all walks of life are joining the homeschooling bandwagon (Ray, 2004). The principal(prenominal) misconception is that homeschooled children dont get the same academic and social education as traditionally schooled children. Contrary to popular perception, homeschooled children have the same, if not better academic opportunities, social opportunities and college admissions prospects than traditionally schooled students have.According to Mary Griffith, author of the book The Homeschooling Handbook, the concept of homeschooling is nothing new to society. It is only in the past 150 years that mankind school system as we know it came into effect (Griffith, 1999). Prior to that, the family was the basis for social lifethe home was where children learned what was necessary to function in their residential district (1999). By the mid-1970s, there were barely any people practicing homeschooling (Ray, 2004). However, over the past twenty years there has been a resurgence in people choosing homeschooling (2004). there has been a 500 percent increase in homeschooling from the 1990-1991 school year to the 2002-2003 school year (2004). The National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI) estimates that in the midst of 1.7 and 2.1 million students were being homeschooled in the U.S., in every grade level from kindergarten through twelfth gradeIndications are that the growth rate is between 7 percent and 15 percent per year (2004). People choose to homeschool for a var... ...s and traditional school graduates. Journal of College Admission, Spring 2004, p17.Klicka, Chris (2002) Socialization homeschoolers are in the current world. Issue Analysis,Home School Legal Defense Associ ation. Retrieved April 10, 2005 from www.hslda.org.Kochenderfer R, & Kanna E. (2002). Homeschooling for success How parents cancreate a superior education for their child. New York NY Warner Books.Ray, Brian D. Ph.D (2004). Worldwide guide to homeschooling Facts and stats on the benefits of home school. Nashville TN Broadman & Holman Publishers.Saba L., & Gattis J. (2002). The McGraw-Hill homeschooling companion. New York NY McGraw-Hill Publishers.Zehr, Mary Ann. (2003). Home school students adjust to new homes on collegecampuses. Education Week, Vol. 23, Issue 2, p6. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from Academic Search Premier database.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- essays research papers fc

An Exploration of one of the Most Mysterious DiseasesAlzheimers disease, named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, is a disease that is on the rise in America and the rest of the world. People should learn as much as they want about this disease, because as you age, your chances of becoming an Alzheimers Disease, or AD, patient increases. It is estimated that approximately 3 percent of Americans between the ages of 65 and 74 have the illness, and more than half of all people over age 85 have the ailment. AD is a form of dementia, a disease, that according to the Alzheimers Disease Education & Referral Center is defined as a group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain function. Dementia symptoms may include asking the same questions repeatedly becoming lost in familiar places being unable to hold fast directions getting disoriented about time, people, and places and neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition. People with dementia lose their abilities at different rates.It is not uncommon for AD patients to become lost and upchuck away from their homes, thus leading to a very disturbing and upsetting experience for family members. Alzheimers can be diagnosed before age 65, although rare, and is caused by a mutation in 3 known genes. About 5 percent of those who are under 65 and possess the ailment have AD in their family history. Given that the symptoms of AD are caused by brass instrument in the brain, causing loss of nerve cells that help the body communicate with the brain, mutations to these genes amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 cause a excessive production of certain proteins (primarily a B-42 form of amyloid protein), and therefore spark an excessive growth of plaque cells which are harmful to the neurons of the brain. For those cases of Alzheimers that occur after age 65, a genetic mutation has yet to be proven, although some may be linked, to the fact that a disagreement may cause an increased chance of developing the ailment. Whatever the case may be for patients over 65 years old, the disease and its symptoms are caused by neurofibrillary tangles of almyloid plaques. It is impossible for someone to test positive for Alzheimers Disease, because the only way to determine an affirmative case i... ...t one has it. Many scientists hypothesize that there is an rabble-rousing response in the brain when there is an extensive B-42 amassing. To slow or stop this, scientists theorize that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, could delay the splashiness in the brain. Also, as scientists have known that taking a multi-vitamin tablet each day is good for you, there has been recent research demonstrating that the use of antioxidants may protect neurons, not just the immune system and keeping the body healthy by providing vitamins and minerals. These special supplements protect the neurons from the effects of the accruing B-Amyloid that would likely cause the plaque that causes AD. Works Citedwww.crystalinks.com/ alzheimers.html Picture of Brain Cross Sectionhttp//apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/6/3/193 information on Alzheimers Disease and Dementiahttp//www.emental-health.com/alzh_biology.htm Information on the biology of Alzheimers Diseasehttp//www.alznyc.org/ Information about Treatments and the AD communityDelaware Valley Veterans Hospital- Alzheimers Ward- Allowing me to enter the facility and communicate with AD patients, nurses, and care-takers.

Synthetic and Natural Rubber Essay -- Comparison Material Rubber

Synthetic and Natural RubberAbstractRubber is an important imagery with a wide variety of applications. It can be obtained intrinsicly from the rubber tree, rubber tree brasiliensis. It can also be synthesized from petroleum and inseparable gas. Both natural and synthetic rubbers have their own advantages and disadvantages.Natural rubber is made up the linear chain polymer, cis-l,4-polyisoprene. Styrene-butadienerubber (SBR) is the most common synthetic rubber. It is a haphazard copolymer of styrene andbutadiene and has good physical properties once it has been strengthened through vulcanization.IntroductionRubber is an elastomer that can be obtained naturally from certain trees or synthesizedfrom petroleum and natural gas. 1 It is a valuable resource that is commonly used in tires,machine belting, wire insulation, and shoe soles. Rubber is created naturally, most commonly bythe rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis .1 There are many different types of synthetic rubberincluding isoprene , butadiene, polysulfides, polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, and styrenebutadienerubber. 3 There are advantages and disadvantages of both synthetic and naturalrubber.ResultsHevea trees are natural to the Amazon region, but were brought to Asia, which is now thelargest producer of natural rubber. 1 Natural rubber is obtained by a process called tapping. 2 Aknife is used to make a shallow cut in the tree to allow latex to flow freely and be collected in acup.2 A single tapping yields astir(predicate) 50 grams of rubber and usually occurs once every two days.2 Natural rubber can be produced at a rate of about 1 ton of rubber per acre per year. 2Natural rubber is the linear chain polymer, cis-l,4-polyisoprene. The polymer is ... ...lant Products. 7 Jan.1998. 29 July 2008.8 Rodgers, Brendan, Donald S. Tracey, and Walter H. Waddell. Biosynthesis of naturalrubber. Digital image. EBSCOhost. Aug. 2005. 29 July 20084c49b0571e04%40sessionmgr7.9 Rodgers, Brendan, Donald S. Tracey, and Walter H. Waddell. Configuration ofpolyisoprene molecule. Digital image. EBSCOhost. Aug. 2005. 29 July 20084c49b0571e04%40sessionmgr7.10 Copolymer random arrangement Styrene-butadiene copolymer. Digital image.Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 29 July 2008rubber-sbrdefault.

Microphytic Soil Crusts and Desert Ecosystems Essay -- Soil Soils Agri

Microphytic crud Crusts and Desert EcosystemsCommunities of micro-organisms create crusts on soils throughout semi-arid and arid regions of the world. These microphytic (also called cryptogamic) crusts atomic number 18 formed when all or some of a diverse force of photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), fungi, bacteria, lichens and mosses, bind together with inorganic particles in the first few millimeters of a soil. Microphytic crusts are dominant feature in desert soils they are estimated to represent approximately 70% of desert soil biomass world wide (Belnap 1993). Un-restricted human activity (farming, livestock grazing, recreation) results in the denigration or destruction these bighearted crusts. Many claim that soils and soil mechanisms are at the base of other ecosystem functions (Vitousek, Walker, Syers in Gillis 1994). In order to better understand and manage desert ecosystems, it is meaning(a) to begin to understand how cryptogamic crusts form, what role cru sts play in shaping desert soil properties, and further, how crust removal might effect soil prize and ecosystem stability. Crust Formation It is generally thought that the formation of microphytic crusts begins with the establishment of cyanobacteria or agal communities on the soil surface (Campbell et. al. 1989). There are many opposite types of algae and cyanobacteria which exist in the new crusts, however it is difficult to ascertain which types of organisms are responsible for which processes of early crust formation. Johansen postulates that crusts begin to form when ropy cyanobacteria (as opposed to diatomic and nonfilamentous cyanobacteria or other algae) colonize the surface of soils in a period of moist weather (1993). As cyanobacter... ...ation and Dehydration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry v. 241101-1105.Johansen, J.R. (1993). Cryptogamic Crusts of Semi-arid and Arid Lands of North America. Journal of hycology v. 29141-147. Loope, W. L., Gifford, G. F. (1972). Influe nce of a Soil Microfloral Crust on Select Properties of Soils Under Pinyon-Juniper in Southeastern Utah. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation v. July-August164-165. Metting, B. (1991). Biological Surface Features of Semiarid Lands and Deserts. In Semiarid Lands and Deserts Soil Resource and replenishment , Skujins, J.(edt.). wave Dekker, Inc, New York. pp. 257-293.Skujins, J. Microbial Ecology of Desert Soils. 62-85.West, N. E. (1991). Nutrient Cycling in Soils of Semiarid and Arid Regions. In Semiarid Lands and Deserts Soil Resource and Reclamation , Skujins, J.(edt.)Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York. pp. 295-327

Microphytic Soil Crusts and Desert Ecosystems Essay -- Soil Soils Agri

Microphytic Soil Crusts and Desert EcosystemsCommunities of micro-organisms create crusts on brands throughout semi-arid and arid regions of the world. These microphytic (also called cryptogamic) crusts are editioned when all or some of a different array of photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), fungi, bacteria, lichens and mosses, bind together with inorganic particles in the first few millimeters of a soil. Microphytic crusts are dominant feature in abandon soils they are estimated to represent approximately 70% of leave soil biomass world wide (Belnap 1993). Un-restricted human activity (farming, livestock grazing, recreation) results in the denigration or last these prominent crusts. Many claim that soils and soil mechanisms are at the base of other ecosystem functions (Vitousek, Walker, Syers in Gillis 1994). In order to better understand and manage desert ecosystems, it is important to begin to understand how cryptogamic crusts form, what role crusts play in sha ping desert soil properties, and further, how crust removal might effect soil quality and ecosystem stability. Crust Formation It is generally thought that the formation of microphytic crusts begins with the establishment of cyanobacteria or agal communities on the soil surface (Campbell et. al. 1989). There are some different types of algae and cyanobacteria which exist in the new crusts, however it is difficult to ascertain which types of organisms are responsible for which processes of early crust formation. Johansen postulates that crusts begin to form when filamentous cyanobacteria (as opposed to diatomic and nonfilamentous cyanobacteria or other algae) colonize the surface of soils in a period of moist weather (1993). As cyanobacter... ...ation and Dehydration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry v. 241101-1105.Johansen, J.R. (1993). Cryptogamic Crusts of Semi-arid and Arid Lands of North America. Journal of hycology v. 29141-147. Loope, W. L., Gifford, G. F. (1972). Influence of a Soil Microfloral Crust on Select Properties of Soils on a lower floor Pinyon-Juniper in Southeastern Utah. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation v. July-August164-165. Metting, B. (1991). Biological Surface Features of Semiarid Lands and Deserts. In Semiarid Lands and Deserts Soil option and replenishment , Skujins, J.(edt.). Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York. pp. 257-293.Skujins, J. Microbial Ecology of Desert Soils. 62-85.West, N. E. (1991). Nutrient Cycling in Soils of Semiarid and Arid Regions. In Semiarid Lands and Deserts Soil Resource and Reclamation , Skujins, J.(edt.)Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York. pp. 295-327

Explain the value that professional nursing organizations have in networking and in the legislative process. Provide a rationale for your response Essay

Professional treat organizations range from general, such as the ANA, which corresponds the nursing profession and the interests of its members, to specific, which are those that represent a certain specialty, such as the Ameri kitty Association of Critical-Care Nurses.Professional nursing organizations can help nurses stay current in the field of analyze or specialty, network with other nurses, as well as many other professional and personal benefits. According to Guerrieri (2010), Belonging to a professional nursing organization brings increased professionalism, autonomy, and self-regulation while offering additional benefits such as social interactions and peer support (p.47).Networking is certainly one of the benefits offered by nursing organizations to its members, which whitethorn include conventions, online discussions, and forums. These social networks provide opportunities for rapid knowledge exchange and dissemination among many people (ANA, 2011, p.3). By connecting wit h other nurses, members may get a view to hear how others are handling the same issues. Organizations can also contribute to professional growth through networking at local and national meetings.Moreover, members can coiffe as officers or committee chairs, which will aid in the development of leadership skills (Guerrieri, 2010). Clearly, networking opportunities offered by many professional nursing organizations are invaluable and can help in many areas such as education, career development, and even give a sense of belonging and encouragement through interactions with other nurses (Guerrieri, 2010).In addition to having a networking value, professional nursing organizations represent a public image of the nursing profession and its specialties. As such, the organization gains publics arrogance in the profession and the organization builds on this trust as it promotes awareness of public policy and advocates for patient welfare (Guerrieri, 2010, p. 47). This also gives members op portunities to become more sensible about health care policies andcontribute to patient advocacy.By advocating for the nursing profession, professional organizations, along with their members, educate the public, policy makers, healthcare administrators, and professionals on specific issues (Matthews, 2012, mavin in advocacy). Moreover, organizations lobby on behalf of all nurses at all levels of government on issues that directly affect its members, such as education and practice. treat organizations also use networking to get more people who support their views, thereby increasing the chances of success in the legislative process.Organizations also play an integral bug out in shaping health policy. By being members of professional nursing associations, nurses at every level have opportunities to get involved in the processes that define nursing practice. As stated in the article written by Matthews (2012), professional organizations were created by nurses for nurses to articu late nursing values, integrity, practice, and social policy (Matthews, 2012, The professions advocacy efforts).ReferencesAmerican Nurses Association. (2011). ANAs principles for social networking and the nurse Guidance for registered nurses . Retrieved from http//www.nursingworld.org Guerrieri, R. (2010, May). Professional growth Learn, grow, and bloom by joining a professional association. Nursing2010, 40(5), 47-48. Retrieved from http//journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2010/05000/Learn,_grow,_and_bloom_by_joining_a_professional.14.aspx Matthews, J. H. (2012, January). theatrical role of professional organizations in advocating for the nursing profession. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(1). http//dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man03

Indian Culture Essay

INDIAA country in South Asia. India is bounded by the Indian ocean on the south, Arabian sea in the south-west and bay of Bengal in the south-east. It shares borders with Pakistan in the west, china, Nepal and Bhutan in the north-east and with Burma and Bangladesh in the east. Indias Andaman Nicobar islands share a maritime borders with Thailand and Indonesia. Home to the antediluvian patriarch Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. quartet world religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and to a fault helped shape the regions diverse civilization.Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19 th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a debate for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Indian economy is the worlds tenth-largest bynominal GDP and third-largest by acquire power parity (PPP). Following market-based economicReforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest- rowing major economies it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges ofPoverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate publichealth care and terrorism.A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks eighth in military expenditure among nations. Current expatiate of IndiaPresident Pranab MukherjeeVice President Mohammed Hamid AnsariPrime Minister Manmohan SinghAbout IndiaSince ancient times India is known for diversity and prosperity in its Culture. It has one of the oldest civilization and culture in the world. Despite of such diversity Indian culture has the immense power to unite peoples together. There are fifteen national languages recognized by the Indian constitution and these are spoken in over 1600 dialects. With language changing across divergent parts of country, culture is also diverse. The Culture of India has contend a vital role in its civilization. exclusively, now a days, in that respect is a lot of change in our Indian culture. Some changes are ethical and some effects badly on society.Let us see some of the changes in our society and what is our responsibility to preserve our pride, because Pride of India is its Culture.Changes In Indian Culture that are Positive for Indian SocietyA few Centuries ago Sati pratha was abolished and widow remarriage was approved. These Changes were the major achievements of Indian Society. These changes have removed the traditions and methodologies which was a curse to all the women and humanity. These Changes were the major revolution in the Indian Society. Fro m that time, changes have influenced a lot to the Indian Society. Now a days, there are more visible changes in our society. Some of them are With applied science becoming fast and easily portable people of different parts of the world are interacting together. today they can easily know each others culture and tradition. So technology has made this world a smaller place and reach the peoples come closer to know each others conductstyle and culture.Now a days people of a country are sanitary known near the culture and tradition of other countries and so their knowledge has broaden. Peoples are becoming more independent. They are no more restricted in their own methodologies. New thinking are evolving between society. Today peoples of our country are moving to other parts of the world for higher education and learning better technology. Now a girl of our country is no more restricted to home, and a woman to a housewife. Things are changing. Girls are also getting opportuniti es for their better education and lifestyle, same as the boys. Old traditions and wooden customs arechanging. These changes are the seeds for the better society where girls and women have the same right as the boys and men have. These changes are empowering our girls and women. In case of marriage the changes are visible. Now a days younger coevals chooses their life partner themselves. Traditionally their parents employ to find a marriage partner for them. Today If their parents choose a life partner for them then they allow their young ones to spend time with their life partner to understand each other and then perform the marriage ceremony.By doing this they gave their children a better chance to have a better prox. So now a days young generation have freedom of choice in argumentation with the old culture of Indian society where parents were merely liable for choosing life partner for their children. A major change that can be sensed in Indian Culture is the change in Indi an Cinema. We all know that cinema is the mirror of our society. It clearly reflects the culture and methodologies of our society. Few decades ago Indian cinema was only meant for entertainment. At that times films were of conservative type. But today film makers are moving to the various social issues and giving the Indian cinema a touch of perfection. Films displaying the critical and major issues like terrorism and bogus CBI has already produced. These films teach a lesson to society regarding these issues and its consequences. Also the films promoting art and music have produced over a few years. Such types of films also elevate new talents and provide new opportunities.Negative Aspects Of Changes In Indian CultureAs stated earlier that every coin has two faces. So If there are some positives, negatives also lies within. The changes in Indian Culture is also giving some negative consequences. Some of them are discussed below With growing technology competition in the market is also rising. People are spending their lots of time in office and at workplace. Consequently they have non much time to spend with their family specially with their children. So now a days parents have a less time to care for their children in contrast with the old age, where an immense care was given to a child by his family members. So the present generation of children are very much unaware of our Indian Culture. No one is there to make them understand about this.At present this is not a major issue tho in future it will be of great concern. No one of us will ever want that our future generation will remain unaware from our Indian Culture. Problem Our next Generation will remain unaware about our Indian Culture and slowly they forget it. Solution Parents should spend a worth(predicate) time with their children discussing about our culture and tradition. Classes should be organized by schools for making them aware of our culture and its value.With the growing demands of the wor ld level of education has also changed. precept has changed. In old ages learning of a few subjects was enough but now a days a child has to learn about the different subjects and different areas of concern including present technology and science. So the level of mental stress has increased. In such conditions behaviour of parents act as catalyst. Now a days parents used to impose their desire and dreams on their children. Consequently mental stress rises exponentially leading to the act of suicide and state of depression.Problem psychogenic stress on a child has increased.Solution Nature of Pedagogy should be in a way, favourable with children. Parents should not impose their desires and dreams on their children. every(prenominal) child is special, every child has a special talent. Provide them care and love and help in enhancing their mental strength so that their confidence in themselves will increase. They need these things because they are the future of our country. How wou ld be our next society and culture largely depends on them.In this world of growing technology, nearness and generous of connections it is almost impossible for anyone to remain unaware about the culture following in different parts of the world, specially to our young generation. They are crazy about being modern and in their journey of modernization they are more attracted towards western culture. Regarding this they have accepted some freaky ideas of western culture. Now a days, physical pleasure are preferred by them over mental pleasure in almost every aspect, whether their life is concerned or whether their love. In search of physical pleasure they often commits crime. They are the building blocks of our society and culture.Whatwould happen to our future generations if they themselves solely tends towards western culture? Modernization is necessary but it should be in a way so as to preserve our culture and values. Problem Physical pleasure is preferred by our young generatio n over mental pleasure. Solution Parents should take care of their teens. They should restrict their teens up to some extent. Freedom is necessary but it should be in a limit. Parents should also be frump with their teens as like friends. Parents should give lessons to their teens about the consequences of bad habits prevailing in society, and how they can contribute in removing them. They should also make their teens frank with them and their family. Parents should discuss each and every issue of their teen among themselves and should tackle it patiently and smartly. If a proper care is given to them, they can be a responsible Indian in the Future.

Intercultural communication Essay

Prejudice The purpose of this paper is to discuss the idea that prejudice can never be eliminated because it is so deeply rooted in human nature. This idea seems to be accurate when reflecting on daily events, which occur in society. Most people believe that they argon not prejudiced against others, solely more often than not, they are prejudiced even when they are not aware of that fact. For example, it is a known fact within the criminal justice system, that members of ethic minority groups are found guilty more often in cases where there is insufficient evidence.This situation is extremely common especially when the jury is placid of Caucasians. More diverse juries, specifically ones that include black and white members, are more likely to share information, make fewer errors in evaluating the facts, and perhaps scope fairer verdicts than all-white juries, (MacGregor, 2006). Moreover, ethnic minorities receive longer prison sentences that Caucasians for the same criminal offen ses. It is human nature to sympathize more with people who are similar to us and to forget them the benefit of the doubt.However, when dealing with people who are completely different from us we are more likely to discriminate, subconsciously and sometimes consciously. Ordinary racism is real hard to see if you are white, (Blee, 2003). In general, America is an ethnocentric country. When Americans travel all around the world, we will notice that in most countries the people intercommunicate several lyric poems and learning different languages is something to be proud of. However, in America, we do not want to accept other languages into the American culture.We think that the face language is somehow superior and believe that the rest of the world should try to learn our language. Even when we do business globally, we expect our global business partners to speak English while we make no exertion to learn their languages. We make comments such as they drive on the vilify side o f the street. How is it that they are wrong and we are correct? We express disgust when we hear that some countries in Asia eat dogs. We do not realize that some cultures in Asia are disgust with Americans because we eat cows. Who decided that dogs are superior to cows? Ethnocentrism often leads to danger. We misunderstand others because we can only see the world through our eyes, and we fail to realize that the bother is not the other culture. The problem is that we do not understand and we dont know that we dont understand, (Barger, 2004). I believe that the best charge to lessen the negative effects prejudice is through education and personal experiences. We need to learn more about different ethnic groups, other countries and international languages.The most effective way is to travel to different countries. If this is not possible, we can begin by making friends with people from different cultural backgrounds and make an effort to understand their views of the world. We are becoming a global society, and in the future we will be forced to learn more about other cultures. We whitethorn even be required to learn other languages. I believe that people are more alike than different. Everyone has something in common with someone from a different ethnic group. We should make a connection.This will lead to a better understanding of others and ourselves. This will also help to reduce prejudice.References Barger, K. (2004). Ethnocentrism. What is it? Why are People Ethnocentric? What is the Problem? What Can We do About it?Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http//www. iupui. edu/anthkb/ethnocen. htm Blee, K. (2003). In C. Gill Created Equal. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http//www. umc. pitt. edu/PITTMAG/summer2003/feature1. html MacGregor, H. (2006). When Diversity Adds Fairness. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http//ase. tufts. edu/psychology/sommerslab/LATimes. html.

Philip Larkin

Philip Larkin Philip Larkin, is a famous writer in postwar Great Britain, was commonly referred to as Englands other Poet Laureate until his remnant in 1985. Indeed, when the position of laureate became vacant in 1984, many poets and critics favored Larkins appointment, but the shy, provincial author preferred to avoid the limelight. Larkin achieved acclaim on the faculty of an extremely sm every body of work, only if over one hundred pages of poetry in four sl conclusioner volumes that appe atomic number 18d at almost decade-long intervals. Although Larkin can be cynical and disappointed in tone these qualities be not characteristic of all his poetry.It is more accurate to say he takes a realistic and unloving approach to life which is evident in his poems. In contrast, all his poetry shows a genuine sensibility to others, and an awareness and sympathy of their life experiences. Church red is one of his most cynical poems. Even the title is cynical. Church going can mean goi ng to perform, or the fact that in his opinion the church is disappearing. 1st line is cynical. Larkin only goes in when nothing is going on, but in his opinion nothing important is ever going on in a church.Shows his disdainful attitude to church with phrases such as another church little books some brass and stuff up the holy end He is disrespectful, uncaring to church. He pronounces Here endeth and echoes snigger loudly Larkin is making fun of church and mocking it. But later in poem shows his predisposition and understanding that men have an innate need to believe in something greater than themselves, and churches fulfill this need A proficient house on serious earth it is and Since someone to this groundAlthough he atheist is sensitive to needs of others, and even empathies with others feelings to some extent. In Whitsun Weddings. Larkin begins with very an everyday disappointment, as he is I was late getting away for the weekend on the train. This shows Larkins very re alistic perspective, down to earth problem. He then comments on his disappointment at mans ruination of the landscape, with observations such as canals with floating of industrial froth and A hothouse flashed uniquely hedges dipped and rose the landscape is squalid and decaying because of man.When train reaches townspeople it is nondescript with acres of dismantled cars Larkin than to his disappointment becomes cynicism when he starts to take notice of the people he can see rather than landscape. Brides are parodies of fashion who survived their hook up with ceremonies. The unharmed concept of these country weddings is wholly farcical with nylon g go to sleeps and jewellery-substitutes, and bunting-dressed coach-party annexes. But he loses this cynicism to recognize momentous power of love, marriage and commitment Stood ready to be loosed with all the power.That being changed can give. This illustrates his esthesia to the huge emotional significance of this day to the newly we ds. He continues to display his sensitivity to power of love in last-place image of like an arrow-shower. Here his sensitivity can be seen as slightly tinged with cynicism in final words somewhere becoming rain love can decay and deteriorate until it becomes rain, not joy. At Grass can be read as Larkin being cynical about how horses are just forgotten when they are retired and no longer racing, but in final analysis Larkin seems think they happier now than before.Certainly right through poem Larkin shows remarkable sensitivity to horses plight till wind distresses tail and mane. With one the other seeming to look on the other. Really identifies with them Do memories plague their ears like wing? But he concludes They shake their heads in contrast to being disappointed that they are forgotten and left alone now, rather than fabled as they were 15 years ago, when they were feted with long cry and reporters rushed to write headlines about them, they now stand at ease, or gall op for what must be joy.Larkins sensitivity and empathy for horses mean he drops his cynicism and disappointment at their fate, and realizes they are happy. The poem ambulances takes a realistic view of the inevitability of closing, and the pain it causes for the victim and family/friends. All streets in condemnation are visited by ambulances, and death. The victim has A wild white face that overtops This is the effect of the fear that comes to us all in face of death. There is a sense of disappointment and pessimism in this poem, and cynicism that what we think is so important is useless when faced with death.As Larkin says all the activities we are so busy with in life, and think are so important are really meaningless sense the solving emptiness that lies just under all we do Only when faced with death do we appreciate the emptiness/meaninglessness of our lives, and the futility of all we do when it is inevitably going to end in our death And for a second get it whole ,So perm anent and blank and true In stanza 4. Larkin shows sensitivity to feelings of those involved the sudden shot of loss.And From the exchange of love to lie Unreachable insided a manner. Tone changes again to futility of life as it is just a rush bringing us Brings closer what is left to come and dulls to distance all we are. Cut grass is similar in theme to Ambulances Death is inevitable and unavoidable. But his use of onomatopoeia connects reader to the grass, and evokes our sympathy, and in this way Larkin again shows sensitivity, even to nonliving things. And although theme is pessimistic, poem ends positively.Recognition that despite individual death time continues to pass and life goes on. While in many poems Larkin is cynical and disappointed about life, he is always sensitive to sufferings and feelings of others. He is characteristically coldly realistic about life and death, and while this sometimes develops into feelings of disappointment, cynicism and pessimism, he is o pen to seeing joy, meaning and intrust in life too. This is what makes you as the reader so vunriable to his poetry because it is so realistic and touching your everyday emotions.

Evaluation of Human Resources Essay

Businesses pass water to control their resources closely, this is because Human resources argon needed in the origin and is also superintended because if some mental faculty are non doing their work correctly thusly they are likely to be replaced with someone that is better. If the business is to expand then the business needs to employ staff with trusted ability that leave alone benefit their business. The Human resources thunder mug improve the businesses put to deathance in more than authoritys. There are twain main processes which are looked at when managing human beings resources. The most important is to employ the correct mass for the job, wad that forget carry out the job role correctly. Then the correct resources gestate to be provided for them so that they usher out carry this process out to the best of their standards.Treating these employees with care and sensitivity is important. They are not like physical or scientific resources humans need to be de alt in certain ways, as they are protected by legislations and laws. In some businesses, there allow for be a constant change of different demand of products that the customers wish to purchase, for this reason the staff go away have to be educate for any of these occasions. This is how they improve there human resources. They also look at how many skills the employee has when they are searching for new employees. They allow for check whether that person give the sack be used in more than then one job position of that store, how many skills they consist of.Coordination of the team ups in different types of businesses is very important in ensuring that they meet the targets that the beau monde sets them. When all employees of the team complete their delegate roles the team leave behind run more smoothly. It is also important that a manager is always there so that they can cope his staff and also if there is a problem that they might not be able to handle the manager will d efiantly being trained to deal with the situation.Monitoring the performance of a team and letting them hold out of there good work is a good way to defy the staff motivated. There are certain ways to monitor the way that businesses monitor their staff. Firstly they can organize sure that the staffs are reaching the targets that are assigned to them. Also sales figures can be looked at, seeing whether the team has overspent or under spent the budget that was assigned to them. Finally last way to monitor the performance is to record the number of compliments, or complaints that that member of staff has received from the customers. Individual and team appraisals are also a good way to conserve the team motivated.Liaising within departments in a business is very important in keeping the employees on talking terms with batch in another(prenominal)(prenominal) departments. It is essential that they work with each other so that they can coordinate with each other and progress is com pleted rather then slowed d throw. One way to make sure that the teams work together is to countenance team building exercises, so that the employees can get to know each other more. Many people from the equal level within the organisation are told to meet with other people from other departments, not necessarily physically, exactly through the internet.To ensure that the employees know how the business works, and what there job role entitles, they should know about the background of their organisation. There will have to be good communication and respect shown when the people of the beau monde are talking to each other. People will talk to others in a different way depending on there role, or what they have achieved. With there superiors there will be more respect shown then others like people below them in the organisation. In some businesses managers will strike to each other using there titles but many others, they will be referred to on first name bases. It is also importa nt to communicate with the employees, make sure that they know the terms of there contract with the job that they have with you, whether they are allowed to have a second job or not, these little things.If they hold to have a second job, they should tell their role manager about it, and also the job should be in a non-related company. Managers can use incentives to keep the workforce encouraged to work ambitiouser and harder. There are many ways in which employees can use these incentives to keep them working, they can be rewards, little things that will make the workforce feel that that are being appreciated. These incentives also have to be worth of value to the employee that is viewing them, or they will not want to earn them. It is always good to offer a variety of choices for the employees to choose from. This way they can have different things every time that they work hard.Businesses commonly encourage there employees to be imaginative, and use their initiative. This is to adapt with any change in the market, so that the company is easily adaptable, and these companies are more likely to succeed. Because companies can struggle all over the world using the internet, these companies encourage their employees to think creatively and use their imagination. Many small businesses become successful by being creative and using their initiative. Organisations can get their work done in two different ways, one in-house, where the employees that they employee do the work for them, or the organisation can source their work, where they pay some other company to do the work for them.Evaluation of Technological ResourcesWhen looking at resources which are technological, there are many improvements that can be made in a business. Technological resources would not be hardware they would fall under the category of software. They are managed in similar ways to other resources to ensure that they are not damaged, and if there is a newer version an update can be made . Intellectual quality is the right in which people can own ideas and decide what clears to them. This is similar to having a patent to an idea or an item, where the person will decide what will happen to the item or ideas.The longer that people work in a job, or different jobs they will depart to gain accumulated experience, they will start to learn how to deal with certain issues that may come up in their job. This is a major benefit to the company, as more and more people appease at the company, gradually gaining more experience.The people with experience will be placed as mangers so that they can have an influence on their own sector or department. It is very important for the organisation to build up the skills of peoples so that they can deal with certain issues that arise in the business. It would be orthogonal to train more then a few people at certain things, for instance in their absence, there should be somebody to handle that proper(postnominal) area. If an experie nced person was to leave the organisation it would be hard to find another person that would be able to fulfil that job role with the same numerate of skill as the previous person. Cascading training is the process in which training is passed on throughout the workforce, so that a backup is available when another individual is needed.Software is used in businesses a lot, and the businesses spend a lot of money on software for its business. Specially made software is sometimes very important to businesses the reason for this is because it is a piece of software that is specifically designed for a business. Software that isnt specially made, but owned by people is also used, and to use these businesses must(prenominal)iness pay a fee for the software license so that they can distribute it to all of their stores. When companies buy these licenses, they usually get a discount due to the amount of computers that they wish to install the software onto. Some companies run the software o n more computers they involve to be, and in these cases they are breaking the law, although this can work both ways, as the companies can charge too much. Software reviews can save a vast amount of money for the company, to see which computers need new software and which dont.Using legislation to protect the technological resources of the company is very important although it is always hard to tell whether people have taken your idea, it is always hard to find the perpetrators. Patents and Copyrights are different areas which fall under intellectual property law. Patents are protection for inventions, new or improved.Evaluation of Physical ResourcesWhen looking at the physical resources of business, businesses should look at the procedures that it undertakes to carry out its activities. Improvements can be made to make sure that these resources are maintained, refurbished and secured. All businesses need premise where they can operate from. These buildings can have a strong affect on the people that either work there, or the customers of the company. Having buildings located in strong economic areas is also very important for the business, so that many people will be attracted to it, as hale as see it as an important building in the area. Importance of how businesses layout their stores all over the country, no doubts show in its success. Businesses have to find ways into attracting the attention of the customers. In businesses that deal with clothing, shoes or accessories, they would need to be aesthetically pleasing to the customers, being attracted to the building will naturally result in them proceeding into the building.Improvements should be made in the materials and waste in businesses. Undoubtedly this would both save the economy as well as money for the business. Different types of buildings within each business will all need to cope with different activities that will need to be completed. The whole shebang will be the place where the machinery fo r these places will be placed. Although some companies take there machinery on lease, some businesses see it as best to buy the machinery as they can be used in the long run.The correct equipment is essential for a business to operate smoothly. If the necessary equipment is not given then this can result in the incompletion of the task which was required, this can have more impact on the company then some may think. IT is one of the most important, many businesses fail without it. Businesses must consist of both hardware and software, which carry out their main jobs of looking after the amount of stock in the stores, the days property intake, and many other important functions that the company needs. Hardware is the physical items, computers, monitors, things that are visible to people. Software would be the systems that the computer runs on, Microsoft and other applications.All of the factories will always have their premises checked. If the correct maintenance does not take place then the machinery or the buildings can break down, leading to much more large cost with replacing them. Cleaning of the buildings is important in keeping it safe to work in and healthy for the people who work there. Refurbishment of the company consists when the company seems to want to change the appearance of their stores whether it is to the customers in the stores, or for the workers in the other associated buildings. Keeping the buildings fresh will encourage people to enjoy their body of work and result in people working harder. Refurbishment can also have an impact on the environment as well as people, as old resources can be replaced with eco-friendly or energy saving ones.To ensure that the workers and the customers are safe at all times Emergency Provisions will be there in case of an emergency. Evacuation training must be given to all of the employees, so that they know exactly what to do in case of a onslaught or any other incidence. Other equipment to prevent harm w ill be placed in the store, such as, fire alarms, smoke detectors, fire escapes and fire extinguishers. To ensure that these are working at all times, regular checks will need to be made.Insurance is a must with all building, whether there leased or owned by the company. This is to cover any damages. Protecting the assets of the company is very important because if any of these were vandalised, they can claim the damage costs back. The building must be made secured at all times, when the employees finish their shift at night they must lock the premises up so that no intruder can enter. Although this is not always the case, people still somehow find a way in, this is why credential guards are hired. The company can also get advice from big security companies about how they can keep their business locked and secure.Evaluation of Financial ResourcesFinancial resources are needed in the businesses because they have to monitor their finance because they need to insure that they have eno ugh money in order to buy products and to pay their employees. They then also have to make sure that they have enough money so that they can pay off their bills as well.Financial resources are the cash or loans that a business has, or has access to. A businesss non- pecuniary resources are their employees, technology, equipment, buildings, warehouses and information systems. Within the financial and non-financial category come two more types of resources internal and external. Internal resources are financial or non-financial resources that a company owns, or has in-house. External resources are financial or non-financial resources that a company does not own, but may be able to use externally.When businesses evaluate their internal environment, they are analysing the areas of their work that they have control over. Internal environments may include, but are not limited to, the organisational structure, purchasing behaviours, research and development and manufacturing processes. Wit hin the internal environment are internal resources, such as finances, staff, equipment, and machinery and information technology. Businesses should perform environmental scans of their internal environments and resources, they should document their findings, examine the trends in their environment, review and analyse the inventory and use the information for decision-making techniques.External business environments are the areas that a business does not have control over, but can still be impacted by. Common external environments can be categorised as environmental, political, economical, technological, ratified and social. Within these external environments businesses can identify external resources. Technological advances, for instance, are operated external resources. By knowing what is available to businesses in the external environment, decision makers can analyse risk potential and understand how their business can be progressed or slowed down by external resources.Monitorin g Budget CostsAt the beginning of a businesses year, the business will start to start formulate a budget which is their objective to forecast what their profit will be at the end of the year in the assumption that the budget will remain the same through out. The budget will be monitored quarterly or periodical to see if the profit they projected at the beginning of the year is still realistic. Monitoring their budget will give them the flexibility to adjust their wants, needs and must have so that the projected profit is realisable at the end of the year. Profit is the measure of a business performance.Ideally, the process of budget planning for the next financial year should give everyone in the organisation an opportunity to reflect on what theyve achieved, what the external environment is telling them and where they want to go next. In times of recession, businesses will aim to increase revenues or they may maintain them, they could specifically target a certain market, or inves t more in a useful area. Businesses will focus on these specific areas by everyone in the business. Unfortunately, hardly any business gathers the full rewards of focused engagement with the budget process. Too oftentimes businesses are facing the future with budgets that are reluctantly thrown together by cost centre managers with other things on their mind.

Personal Health Assessment Essay

Overall, there are six dimensions of health that evoke be examined to determine if a psyche is ample and fit or to see what area in his or her life needs improvement. This includes physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, and environmental dimensions. When all of the six dimensions are at high levels and in balance, we have optimal health and well-being (Blonna & Watter, 2005, p. 5). The three dimensions of health that I feel I am strongest at are the physical, sscial, and intellectual dimensions.Physically, I am contented with how I look and feel. I look at that I am healthy and that I take the proper precautions to take care of my body. Being gratuitous from any illnesses does not mean that a soulfulness fulfils the physical dimension of health. I turn over that one has to be satisfied about his or her general health and body in order for him or her to say that he or she is physically healthy. In addition, being positive about how a person sees his or her b ody contributes to a better physical health.I would also like to indicate that I fulfil the social dimension of health since I do not have a problem reaching out to people. I have excellent relationships with my friends and family and this helps me grow as a person. I believe that keeping this dimension healthy is important because having people that would support you greatly contributes to a persons well-being and improvement of the new(prenominal) five dimensions. The tercet dimension of health that I think I am strongest at is the intellectual dimension.I believe that I think clearly and that I fuck understand things the way they should be understood. I am very open-minded when it comes to arguing and accepting things that are not in line with my beliefs. I can argue with other people rationally and with the right common sense. On the other hand, I feel that my spiritual dimension needs improvement. Spiritual wellness is the state of harmony with yourself and others. It is the ability to balance home(a) needs with the demands of the rest of the world (Edlin, Golanty, & Brown, 1999, p. ). With our fast paced world, it is very hard for one to sit down and think about these kinds of things. There are so many distractions around us that we forget to think about our spirituality. I think that it is important for me to address this way out at this time because it would help me improve my overall well-being. I understand the importance of spiritual life and I would like to engage myself better with this area. For a person to improve, he or she needs determination and commitment.Improvement, especially in the area of spirituality, would not mean anything if there is no purpose behind it and if the person is doing it just for the sake of saying he or she has improved. I would like to start off by trying to square off more about what I want in terms of spiritual fulfilment. I would then gradually engage myself in my religion and take small steps to improve my i nner self. I think that I would have to get to know myself better in order for me to realize what I want and need.Personally, I expect to learn from this course ways on how to know myself better, how to improve myself completely, and how to determine which areas in my life need improvements the most. Although determining is easy, it is better to learn through a cozy instructor and through related materials and activities. Taking this course would also make it easier because I will be able to learn with a group of other people and not just by myself.

The Impact of Classroom Technology on Student Behavior

Journal of applied science Research The tinge of schoolroom engineering science on schoolchild behavior Angeline M. Lavin University of South Dakota Leon Korte University of South Dakota doubting Thomas L. Davies University of South Dakota ABSTRACT The trend toward engine room enkindled schoolrooms has escalated quickly during the past five years as assimilators have become increasingly tech-savvy. Classrooms across the population have become wired and textbook publishers now offer a wide variety of information processing systemized principle supplements. In fact, virtu eachy whitethorn argue that engineering is now expected in the college classroom.The objective of this research is to examine whether the rehearse of applied science in university classes oppositions scholar behavior and student perceptions of instructional reference. This paper summarizes the burdens of a survey administered to students enrolled in affair var.s at a mid-sized Midwestern univers ity. The results suggest that adding engine room in stocks where it is not currently employ is likely to have a domineering force on student perceptions of the teacher and on student behavior. However, removing engineering from runnings that already use it would not appear to have a banish fix on all aspects of student behavior.Overall there are certain aspects of student behavior (the make out of time that students drive, the measuring of notes they take, their attending, and their interaction with the instructor) which appear to be engineering science neutral. In contrast, applied science tends to have a meaningful wallop on student readying for class, attentiveness, quality of notes taken, student participation in class, student nurture, proclivity to take additional classes from the instructor or in the dependant matter, and the boilers suit evaluation of the course and the instructor.Keywords class engineering science, instructional quality, student behav ior, student perceptions The impact of classroom technology, Page 1 Journal of engine room Research INTRODUCTION Technology, it seems, is everywhere these days. As computers have become to a greater extent than commonplace, the use of information technology has become pervasive in most everyones lives. For most of us, it is hard to image daily life without the influence of technological devices, be it handheld idiot box games, personal digital assistants, cell phones or any number of computers.This is especially true for younger generations. In academia, we have likely reached the point where the use of technology is expected, by both students and their parents (Christensen, 1999). The trend toward technology enhanced classes has escalated quickly during the past five years as students have become increasingly tech-savvy, classrooms across the kingdom have become wired and textbook publishers now offer a wide variety of computerized teaching supplements.Lowerison, Sclater, Schmi d, and Abrami (cc6) suggest that technology has the potential to transform the learning environment from passive to active and more open to the control of the learner. According to Roblyer (2003), technology whitethorn enable the learner to be more actively problematical in his or her own learning. While technology may enhance the classroom and engage todays student more effectively, most do not reckon it replaces the need for a structured, content-driving learning process that is grounded in theory.To be effective, technology-based tools must accompany appropriate pedagogy (Laurillard, 2002). That said, a 2001 national analyze showed that 87% of faculty believe computer technology enhances student learning (Epper and Bates, 2001). Despite this widespread belief that the use of technology in the classroom is mostly good, such may not always be the case. Burbules and Callister (2000) suggest technology fundament be employ well or poorly, and thus its effectiveness is hooked o n how it employ, by whom and for what purpose. Instructors use varying cores of technology in their classes.For example, some professors utilize PowerPoint slides or similar technology extensively or evenhandedly passim a course, while others seldom or never use technology. There may be several reasons why instructors ultimately arrogate technology for classroom use. For some, it may help them to create better organized, more focused lectures. For others, they believe that the use of technology benefits students by engaging them more in the classroom and allowing them to harken more reasonly without transcribing every word that is spoken.Some professors may choose technology because writing on whiteboards or blackboards hinders their ability to interact with students. Still other instructors may adopt technology as a time saving device because it is readily available today, provided by the publishers who are eager to convince faculty to adopt their textbooks. Although the mot ivation may differ, theoretically the boilers suit expectation is that technology will make better the course, engage the students and enable them to learn more. There may in like manner be at least the implicit hope by the faculty member that teaching evaluations will improve.The study of what makes a college teacher effective is ongoing. Witcher, Onquegbuzie, Collins, Filer, Wiedmaier, and Moore (2003) suggest that students believe that effective teachers possess many if not all of the following nine characteristics, listed in order of importance (1) student-centered (2) knowledgeable about the subject matter (3) superior (4) enthusiastic about teaching (5) effective at communication (6) accessible (7) competent at instruction (8) fair and respectful and (9) provider of adequate operation feedback.Clearly, utilization of technology can impact several of these identified characteristics or traits. Thus, in recent years, the proliferation of technology in an educational setting has sparked considerable pastime on the The impact of classroom technology, Page 2 Journal of Technology Research part of researchers, and a number of studies have focused on the positives and negatives of technology use from the perspectives of the institution, student and professor.A recent study by Apperson, Laws and Scepansky (2006) examined the impact of PowerPoint on the students classroom live. While they found no differences in grades as a result of the use of PowerPoint in the classroom, they did find that students in PowerPointenhanced classrooms responded distinguishablely to the classroom experience. Specifically, students believed that the PowerPoint classes were better organized and more interesting. Students also rated the professor high overall and indicated that they would be more likely to take another class from that professor.Interestingly, students in PowerPoint enhanced courses also found that the instructors exhibited more positive behaviors seemingly unre lated to the use of technology, such as providing helpful feedback in a timely fashion and creating assignments that involve higherorder more critical or creative feeling. Furthermore, Atkins-Sayre, Hopkins, Mohundro, and Sayre (1998) concluded that the use of technology adds to the instructors credibility. Lecturers can manage class time more fficiently as little time is spent writing on whiteboards or changing transparencies (Daniels, 1999, Mantei, 2000), and thus lectures may flow better. Overall, Apperson et al (2006) believe that the use of technology in classrooms causes students to have a more favorable attitude toward their education, and benefits accrue to instructors who utilize it in their classes. However, technology exercise does not necessarily result in better teaching evaluations for faculty. Lowerison et al found no world-shattering relationship between actual computer use and perceived effective computer usage on course evaluations (2006).Several explanations w ere offered for this unexpected outcome, including the fact that students may now expect technology to be used in the classroom and no longer see it as a unique class feature that enhances their learning. These findings are consistent with the Christensen (1999) study mentioned earlier. It may also be the case that technology is not being used in an appropriate manner, that is, as a transformative, student-centered tool for learning, a concern expressed by Burbules and Callister (2000).Computer technology may also better support diverse needs and capacities of students, providing the potential for deeper processing and netherstanding of information (McCombs, 2000). While the technology may enhance the classroom and engage todays student more effectively, most do not believe it replaces the need for a structured, content-driving learning process that is grounded in theory. To be effective, technology-based tools must accompany appropriate pedagogy (Laurillard, 2002).As McFarlane stat es, computer use alone, without clear objectives and well designed tasks, is of little intrinsic value (1997). This paper continues the head into the impact of technology on student perceptions of their own learning as well as their academic behavior. PRESENT STUDY Students taking various production line classes in a medium-sized Midwestern university were invited to participate in research study seeking to assess the impact of the presence or absence of technology in the classroom on self-perceived student effort and behavior.Prior to the survey being administered in individual classrooms, instructors who participated were asked whether or not they made moderate or extensive use of technology in their courses. If the instructor used technology moderately or extensively, and so the survey given in that class asked the students to give their opinion regarding how the absence of technology would impact various components of The impact of classroom technology, Page 3 Journal of Tec hnology Research student learning.For example, students were asked whether the lack of technology would have a positive or negative impact on their attentiveness in class as compared to what it had been. Alternatively, if the instructor indicated that he/she did not utilize technology moderately or extensively, then the survey given in that class asked the students to give their opinion regarding how the addition of technology would impact them. Thus, for example, students in these sections were asked whether more technology usage by the instructor would affect their own take of class preparation.Survey apparent movements were based in part on three different student evaluation forms previously or currently being used by the researchers university, including an early version developed and used by all public institutions within the state, the Student instructional Report II and the IDEA Diagnostic Form Report. Both versions of the survey used the following five point scale to coll ect student opinions 1 was significantly positive, 2 was fair positive, 3 was no difference, 4 was somewhat negative, and 5 was significantly negative.The survey also included numerous demographic straitss to comfort analysis of the rejoinders. Among other things, students were asked whether they were graduate or undergrad students, their program of study or major, and their year in school (e. g. , freshman, sophomore, etc. ), as well as their grade point average and gender. In total nine business faculty members, including dickens of the papers authors, administered the survey in their classes.Faculty participants were selected on the nates of their rank, varying degrees of technological proficiency and usage, discipline, and gender in order to provide a cross-section of courses being evaluated. Classes chosen included those at the 100 (first year), 200 (second year), 300 (junior level), 400 (senior level) and graduate (700) level. In all, the survey was administered in four teen different business classes, including multiple sections of a few of the courses.The survey was administered near the source of last years fall semester. Participating faculty were asked to devote class time to allow for the completion of the survey. Enrollment in the sections surveyed totaled 700 students, including some students who were enrolled in more than one of the classes included in the sample. In total, approximately 550 usable surveys were completed and returned. A brief summary of demographic information for the undergraduate survey respondents is included in the Appendix.RESULTS disconcert 1 and 2 show the preliminary results of the data analysis. In each table, the mean response for each question is compared to a neutral response of 3 in order to evaluate the effects that each group world power anticipate given possible changes in their classroom environments. Recall that each item was based on the following five point scale 1 significantly positive, 2 somewha t positive, 3 no difference, 4 somewhat negative, and 5 significantly negative, resulting in a lower mean for a more positive perception.The mean is provided for each question as well as the number of students who gave a concomitant response. Table 1 shows the results for the surveys given in the classes in which the instructor indicated that he/she used technology moderately or extensively. The survey then asked the students to give their opinions regarding how the absence of technology would impact their learning from the course. There were 374 usable surveys returned from this set of classes. The means in Table 1 fluctuate between the high 2 range and the low 3 range. rejoinders from the students in these courses that used technology suggest that students anticipate that the loss of The impact of classroom technology, Page 4 Journal of Technology Research technology would have a positive impact (mean is slight than the neutral response of 3. 0 and statistically different fro m the neutral response) on the criterion of time they study for class each day, the amount of time they study for exams and quizzes, the quantity of notes they take, their overall attendance for the class, and their appreciation for the instructors effort.Assuming that students would view less study time as more positive, it appears that students feel they would study less if technology is removed from the course. It seems somewhat counterintuitive that the absence of technology would have a positive impact on the amount of notes that students take, however, the quantity of notes taken can be viewed from two different angles. Students may consider it a positive to take fewer notes, and students may perceive that they take fewer notes when technology is used in the classroom.The loss of technology, fit in to the students, would also have a positive impact on their attendance and their appreciation for the instructors effort. Students may perceive that it would be more beta to atte nd class to hear the material presented if the notes were not available via technology orthogonal of class. In addition, it appears that students believe that technology may make teaching easier as the loss of technology would have a positive impact on student appreciate of instructor effort.In contrast, student responses indicate that students expect that the loss of technology would have a negative impact (mean is greater than the neutral response and statistically different from the neutral response) on attentiveness in class, the amount conditioned from class, the students craving to take additional classes from the particular instructor, and the students desire to take additional classes in the subject matter. These results suggest that students perceive there are specific benefits associated with technology use in the classroom.Technology may be one way instructors can maintain student interest. Indeed, the responses appear to suggest that students perceive that they might l earn less if technology were withdrawn. Students also indicated that they would be less disposed to take additional classes from the instructor if technology were not used, and they might also be less inclined to take more courses in the same subject matter if technology were not a part of the classroom experience.On the other hand, the responses suggest that students might be more likely to attend class and have a greater appreciation for instructor effort if technology were not used in the classroom. Results of the two questions as to how a change in technology use from moderate/intensive to none at all would impact the students overall evaluation of the course and the instructor are also presented in Table 1. Students who currently experience technology in the classroom would rate a course less favorably if the technology were removed (mean to a higher place the neutral 3. and statistically different from the neutral 3. 0). However, the impact on the students ratings of the ins tructor appears to be neutral under the loss of technology scenario. Table 2 shows the results for the surveys given in the classes in which the instructor indicated that he/she did not use technology moderately or extensively. Those surveys then asked the students to share their thoughts regarding how the addition of technology would impact the how they behaved in the course. There were 183 usable surveys returned from this set of classes.The mean for every question was below the neutral response of 3, which suggests that students thought that those courses that did not presently use technology could be improved by the addition of it a lower mean again reflects a more positive impact. The responses given by the students in the courses that did not include a technology component indicated that its addition of technology would have a positive impact (mean less than and significantly different than the neutral response) for all questions except two, i. e. he amount of interaction with the instructor outside of class and the students desire to take more classes in the subject matter. These results The impact of classroom technology, Page 5 Journal of Technology Research suggest that in the opinion of the students, the addition of technology would have an overall positive impact on their behavior. The addition of technology would, according to the students, have the most positive impact on the students appreciation for the instructors effort, the amount the students learn from the course, and the quality of the notes that the students take.According to both Tables 1 and 2, the amount of interaction that students have with the instructor outside of class is technology neutral as the mean was close to 3 for both versions of the survey. Results of the two questions pertaining to how the addition of technology to a course that does not currently use it would impact the students overall evaluation of the course and the instructor are presented in Table 2 as well. The r esponses were positive (mean less than the neutral response of 3. and statistically different from the neutral response of 3. 0). These results suggest that the prospect of including technology in the classroom environment appears to increase the likelihood that students would perceive both the course and the instructor in a more favorable light. In addition to equivalence the means for each version of the survey to a neutral response of 3, the means for each version can be compared to each other. In Table 3, the first set of data (i. e. the left side) shows the results for the surveys given in the classes in which the instructor indicated that he/she used technology moderately or extensively, with the students being asked how the removal of technology would impact their behavior. The second set of data (i. e. , the right side) shows the results for the surveys given in the classes in which the instructor indicated that he/she did not use technology moderately or extensively, with the students being asked how the addition of technology would influence their behavior.Responses from those students in classrooms that currently used technology (left set) appeared to suggest a relatively neutral impact on the students evaluation of the instructor if technology were withdrawn (mean close to 3. 0), but a slightly more negative (mean above 3. 0) response to the evaluation of the course if technology were withdrawn see Table 1. Students who were in class that did not currently use technology (right set) indicated that the addition of the technology would improve their evaluation of both the course and the instructor (mean below 3. 0) see Table 2.As might be expected given the different results reported in the first two tables, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant for some of the variables as reported in Table 3. Students appear to want technology in the classroom and that desire appears to be reflected in the overall evaluation of the course and instructor. As Table 3 illustrates, students who are not currently exposed to technology in the classroom generally responded more favorably to the prospect of adding the technology than did students who imagined the technology being withdrawn.Eleven of the 17 questions reflected statistically significant differences (? 0. 050) in the mean responses between the two groups. In other words, students who currently experience technology in the classroom gave significantly different responses from those who currently did not have technology in the classroom. The questions that reflected statistically significant differences are noted with an * in Table 3.For those questions in which a statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed, responses from students who currently do not experience the use of technology in the classroom reflected more positive mean responses to the addition of technology usage than did their counter split who might experience th e withdrawal of technology in the classroom. The six items that did not generate statistically significant differences between the two survey groups were as follows make out of time you study for class each day. totality of time you study for exams and quizzes.The impact of classroom technology, Page 6 Journal of Technology Research Quantity of notes. Overall attendance. Amount of interaction with the instructor during class. Amount of interaction with the instructor outside of class. These results suggest that student perceptions of these six items are technology neutral. In other words, the addition of technology where it is currently not used or the loss of technology where it is used is not perceived to have a meaningful impact on the amount of time students study, the quantity of notes they take, their attendance, or their interaction with the instructor.In contrast for nine of the eleven items tag with an * in Table 3, technology appears to have a positive impact bec ause the loss of technology (left side) has a mean greater than 3 (negative impact) and the addition of technology (right side) has a mean less than 3 (positive impact). Therefore, according to the comparison of the two samples, technology has meaningful impact on student preparation for class, attentiveness, quality of notes taken, student participation in class, student learning, desire to take additional classes from the instructor or in the subject matter, and the overall evaluation of the course and the instructor.The student response to one question students appreciation of instructor effort is more problematic. In each group student responses suggested a change from the existing situation might be viewed more positively than maintaining the status quo, and each group reflected responses that were significantly different from a neutral response on this question see Tables 1 and 2.Although each group responded more positively than neutral to this question, students in the group without technology for whom it was suggested technology might be added responded more positively than did the students who were asked to imagine a class in which the technology might be withdrawn. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that adding technology to courses where it is not currently used is likely to have a positive impact on student perceptions of the instructor and the course as well as on most aspects of student behavior.However, it interesting to note that removing technology from courses that already use it would not appear to have a negative impact on all aspects of student behavior. For example, removal of technology from a course might, according to student responses, have a positive impact on the amount of time they study for class each day, the amount of time they study for exams and quizzes, the quantity of notes they take, their overall attendance for the class, and their appreciation for the instructors effort.However, removal of technolog y from a course that currently utilizes it would be viewed negatively in terms of the overall evaluation of the course, the students attentiveness in class, the amount the students learn from class, the students desire to take additional classes from the particular instructor, and the students desire to take additional classes in the subject matter. Comparison of the loss of technology in a course that currently uses it versus the addition of technology to a course that does not use it suggests that there are certain aspects which are technology neutral. In other words, the addition of technology where it is currently not used or the loss of technology where it is used is not perceived to have a meaningful impact on the amount of time students study, the quantity of notes they take, their attendance, or their interaction with the instructor. In contrast, technology appears to have a meaningful impact on student preparation for class, attentiveness, quality of notes taken, student pa rticipation in class, The impact of classroom technology, Page 7Journal of Technology Research student learning, desire to take additional classes from the instructor or in the subject matter, and the overall evaluation of the course and the instructor. The research is not meant to determine how effective technology was in helping students learn or which technology might be most effective. Rather, this research focuses on student perceptions or opinions regarding technology usage and how adding technology to a course that does not use it or eliminating technology from a course that does use it might impact a students perception of the course or the faculty member as well as his/her behavior.These results suggest that students taking business classes at this Midwestern University perceive that technology use in the classroom does indeed have an overall positive impact. While technological enhancement may not necessarily be appropriate for all classroom situations and all subject matt er, these results suggest that instructors who are comfortable using technology and find that it enhances their teaching experience should continue to incorporate it in their classes. Those who do, however, must remember technology for what it is a tool which can have a positive impact on student behaviors and perceptions when used appropriately.LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH There are several limitations to the present study. The results were drawn from data collected from students enrolled in business courses at a single Midwestern University and, therefore, the results may not be generalized to hold for different populations such as nonbusiness students or students at universities in other parts of the country or even the world. Further analysis is presently underway that considers the impact of the addition of technology to a course that does not use it or the removal of technology from a course that does use it on a students perception of instructor effectiveness.In addition, while this particular research focuses on student perceptions of technology use, the ultimate goal of technology integration in the classroom should be to help students learn. Therefore, further research to help to identify which technology uses are most educationally meaningful would help educators to make informed decisions regarding the plethora of technology tools available for the classroom today. Gaining a better understanding of student expectations regarding technology use for students of different ages would also be useful information.Another avenue of future research, which could only occur subsequent to the two avenues previously mentioned, would be a study of whether student perceptions are congruent with the use of technology tools that are found to be most effective in advancing student learning. The impact of classroom technology, Page 8 Journal of Technology Research Table 1 Comparison of Student Responses Relative to a Neutral Response for the jounce on Personal B ehavior of the going of Technology Where It is Now physical exercised Expected Effect of the Loss of Technology Std testN Mean Dev stat Alpha The level of your preparation for each class session. 72 3. 032 0. 968 0. 643 0. 521 The amount of time you study for class each day. * 373 2. 831 0. 843 3. 870 0. 000 The amount of time you study for exams and 373 2. 721 0. 960 5. 608 0. 000 quizzes. * Your attentiveness in class. * 372 3. 228 1. 197 3. 682 0. 000 The quantity of notes you take. * 372 2. 769 1. 324 3. 368 0. 001 The quality of notes you take. 373 3. 078 1. 302 1. 153 0. 250 Your level of participation in class discussions. 372 3. 043 0. 895 0. 927 0. 355 Your overall attendance for the class. * 373 2. 788 0. 823 4. 967 0. 000 The amount of your interaction with the instructor during class. 73 2. 976 0. 824 0. 565 0. 572 The amount of interaction with the instructor outside 373 3. 005 0. 846 0. 122 0. 903 of class. The amount you learn from class. * 373 3. 231 1. 090 4. 084 0. 000 Your appreciation for the instructors effort. * 372 2. 849 1. 038 2. 798 0. 005 Your appreciation for the importance of the material. 373 2. 960 0. 925 0. 840 0. 402 Your desire to take additional classes from the particular instructor. * 374 3. 112 0. 981 2. 213 0. 028 Your desire to take additional classes in the subject matter. * 374 3. 104 0. 916 2. 202 0. 028 Your overall evaluation of this course. * 372 3. 290 1. 62 5. 271 0. 000 Your overall evaluation of this instructor. 372 3. 048 1. 008 0. 926 0. 355 Note Questions with statistically significant differences between mean responses and an expected neutral response 3. 0 are mark with an *. The impact of classroom technology, Page 9 Journal of Technology Research Table 2 Comparison of Student Responses Relative to a Neutral Response for the Impact on Personal Behavior of the Addition of Technology Where It Is Not Used Expected Effect of the Addition of Technology Std testN Mean Dev stat alpha The level of your prepara tion for each class session. * 183 2. 601 0. 83 6. 112 0. 000 The amount of time you study for class each day. * 183 2. 820 0. 822 2. 967 0. 003 The amount of time you study for exams and quizzes. * 183 2. 634 0. 860 5. 762 0. 000 Your attentiveness in class. * 183 2. 634 1. 111 4. 460 0. 000 The quantity of notes you take. * 183 2. 743 1. 202 2. 891 0. 004 The quality of notes you take. * 183 2. 557 1. 179 5. 077 0. 000 Your level of participation in class discussions. * 183 2. 814 0. 776 3. 238 0. 001 Your overall attendance for the class. * 183 2. 689 0. 959 4. 395 0. 000 The amount of your interaction with the instructor during class. * 183 2. 891 0. 41 1. 996 0. 047 The amount of interaction with the instructor outside of class. 183 2. 962 0. 615 0. 842 0. 401 The amount you learn from class. * 183 2. 563 1. 040 5. 684 0. 000 Your appreciation for the instructors effort. * 183 2. 546 1. 004 6. 113 0. 000 Your appreciation for the importance of the material. * 183 2. 590 0. 890 6. 227 0. 000 Your desire to take additional classes from the particular instructor. * 182 2. 747 0. 929 3. 668 0. 000 Your desire to take additional classes in the subject matter. 182 2. 901 0. 848 1. 573 0. 117 Your overall evaluation of this course. * 182 2. 571 1. 031 5. 605 0. 00 Your overall evaluation of this instructor. * 182 2. 582 0. 976 5. 775 0. 000 Note Questions with statistically significant differences between mean responses and an expected neutral response 3. 0 are marked with an *. The impact of classroom technology, Page 10 Journal of Technology Research Table 3 Comparison of Responses to Questions about Student Behavior for the Impact of the Loss of Technology Where It is Now Used (Left Set) versus the Addition of Technology in Classes Where It is Not Used (Right Set) Expected Effect of Expected Effect of the Loss of the Addition of Technology Technology N Mean Std Dev N Mean Std Dev alphaThe level of your preparation for each class session. * The amount of time you study for class each day. The amount of time you study for exams and quizzes. Your attentiveness in class. * The quantity of notes you take. The quality of notes you take. * Your level of participation in class discussions. * Your overall attendance for the class. The amount of your interaction with the instructor during class. The amount of interaction with the instructor outside of class. The amount you learn from class. * Your appreciation for the instructors effort. Your appreciation for the importance of the material. * Your desire to take additional classes from the instructor. * Your desire to take additional classes in the subject matter. * Your overall evaluation of this course. * 372 373 373 372 372 373 372 373 373 373 373 372 373 374 374 372 3. 03 2. 83 2. 72 3. 23 2. 77 3. 08 3. 04 2. 79 2. 98 3. 01 3. 23 2. 85 2. 96 3. 11 3. 10 3. 29 0. 97 0. 84 0. 96 1. 20 1. 32 1. 30 0. 90 0. 82 0. 82 0. 85 1. 09 1. 04 0. 93 0. 98 0. 92 1. 06 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 1 83 183 183 183 182 182 182 2. 60 2. 82 2. 63 2. 63 2. 74 2. 56 2. 1 2. 69 2. 89 2. 96 2. 56 2. 55 2. 59 2. 75 2. 90 2. 57 0. 88 0. 82 0. 86 1. 11 1. 20 1. 18 0. 78 0. 96 0. 74 0. 61 1. 04 1. 00 0. 89 0. 93 0. 85 1. 03 0. 000 0. 880 0. 298 0. 000 0. 825 0. 000 0. 003 0. 205 0. 237 0. 534 0. 000 0. 001 0. 000 0. 000 0. 012 0. 000 Your overall evaluation of this instructor. * 372 3. 05 1. 01 182 2. 58 0. 98 0. 000 Note Questions with statistically significant differences in the mean responses between the two groups are marked with an *. 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The impac t of classroom technology, Page 12 Journal of Technology Research APPENDIX Demographic Information for Undergraduate Students in the exemplification Technology = Technology Used Impact of the Absence of Technology No Technology = Technology Not Used Impact of the Addition of Technology study for Undergraduate Students in Sample Technology No Technology (N = 329) (N = 155) Accounting 19% 15% Economics Finance Health Service Administration attention Marketing Business Undeclared Other Non-business 5% 8% 8% 26% 13% 14% 7% 5% 13% 8% 23% 8% 18% 10%Year for Undergraduate Students in Sample Technology No Technology (N = 329) (N = 155) Freshman 18% 3% Sophomore junior-grade Senior 22% 32% 28% 52% 23% 22% ?2 tests for differences in the scattering of majors between the two groups and for differences in the distribution of undergraduate years did not reject the null hypothesis.It was assumed there were no significant differences in the distribution of undergraduate majors or in the dist ribution of students in terms of academic progress when comparing the two groups. Technology (N = 329) Female Male Student gender 40% 60% No Technology (N = 155) Female Male 49% 51% A test of proportions suggested no significant difference in the proportion of female to male students when comparing the two groups included in this study. The impact of classroom technology, Page 13